Abstract: The disclosure relates to a positive pressure breathing circuit and a method for ventilating a patient. The breathing circuit can be used in any type of pressurized breathing therapy including, for example, continuous positive air(way) pressure (CPAP) therapy and bilevel positive air pressure therapy where the inspiratory and expiratory pressures differ. The positive pressure breathing circuit comprises an inspiratory member including a distal portion connectable to a first gas and a proximal portion connectable to second gas wherein the inspiratory member is configured to store a volume of second gas. The inspiratory member further comprises a first non-return valve located proximally to the second gas entering the inspiratory member to inhibit the exhaled gases from entering the inspiratory member. The breathing circuit also comprises an expiratory member and second non-return valve to inhibit exhaled gases from re-entering the patient interface.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for refining impure crystallised sucrose which process comprises the application of multiple effect falling film evaporation to concentrate without crystallisation a runoff produced on centrifugation of massecuite arising from a sucrose crystallisation process.

Abstract: This invention relates to a continuous vacuum pan (also sometimes referred to as an evaporative crystallizer) for use in the sugar processing industry, and to a heat exchanger used inside the continuous vacuum pan. The invention also relaters to the heat exchanger as used in other applications in the sugar processing industry. The heat exchanger includes a massecuite flow path for conveying massecuite therethrough, and a heat transfer medium flow path for receiving a heat transfer medium to enable heat transfer to the massecuite flow path. The heat exchanger is characterized therein that a periphery thereof is surrounded by an insulated zone in order to prevent heat transfer from the heat transfer medium flow path to the environment.

Abstract: This invention relates to a continuous vacuum pan (also sometimes referred to as an evaporative crystallizer) for use in the sugar processing industry, and to a heat exchanger used inside the continuous vacuum pan. The invention also relaters to the heat exchanger as used in other applications in the sugar processing industry. The heat exchanger includes a massecuite flow path for conveying massecuite therethrough, and a heat transfer medium flow path for receiving a heat transfer medium to enable heat transfer to the massecuite flow path. The heat exchanger is characterized therein that a periphery thereof is surrounded by an insulated zone in order to prevent heat transfer from the heat transfer medium flow path to the environment.