Abstract: A pipe gallery includes an exterior peripheral wall containing a gallery upper chamber, a backwash waste chamber, and a gallery lower chamber. A gallery influent line and filter influent pipes are connected to the gallery upper chamber. A backwash drain line and secondary pipes are connected to the backwash waste chamber. Filter effluent pipes and a gallery effluent line are connected to the gallery lower chamber. The lower chamber may also include a separate supply chamber, to which a gallery backwash supply line and filter backwash pipes are connected. The filter influent pipes and secondary pipes may be connected to the top chambers of filter cells in a filtration system, while the filter effluent pipes are connected to bottom chambers of the cells. Valves are used to create separate filtering and backwash pathways.

Abstract: A pipe gallery includes an exterior peripheral wall containing a gallery upper chamber, a backwash waste chamber, and a gallery lower chamber. A gallery influent line and filter influent pipes are connected to the gallery upper chamber. A backwash drain line and secondary pipes are connected to the backwash waste chamber. Filter effluent pipes and a gallery effluent line are connected to the gallery lower chamber. The lower chamber may also include a separate supply chamber, to which a gallery backwash supply line and filter backwash pipes are connected. The filter influent pipes and secondary pipes may be connected to the top chambers of filter cells in a filtration system, while the filter effluent pipes are connected to bottom chambers of the cells. Valves are used to create separate filtering and backwash pathways.

Abstract: An upflow water clarifier for treating a liquid that contains dissolved or suspended solids has a central pier disposed in the center of a conical section angled at an angle of about 40 degrees to about 60 degrees with respect to the horizontal. Water enters the clarifier at the bottom and is removed at the top. The central pier bears at least part of the weight of an observation deck and includes a mechanism for discharging sludge from the clarifier. The pier can also house both a sludge discharge line and an effluent withdrawal line, and as a support for a radial trough used to collect the effluent. The pier may also serve as an aid during construction.

Abstract: An upflow liquid clarifier for treating a liquid that contains dissolved or suspended solids has a lower chamber with an annular shape, an inner wall extending upwardly and inwardly from that lower chamber, and an outer wall that extends upwardly and outwardly from the lower chamber. Inlets in communication with the lower chamber provide entry for liquid, which rises in a helical motion through the clarifier. Motion of the water establishes a sludge blanket, through which clarified water rises and can be removed from near the top of the clarifier. A sludge removal structure allows the continuous or periodic removal of sludge.

Abstract: Apparatus for treating a liquid containing suspended solids comprising a clarifying vessel and a number of filters positioned around the periphery of the clarifying vessel for receiving and filtering liquid from the clarifier. A filter may be backwashed by isolating that filter, filling the other filter cells with clarified liquid and draining them into the isolated cell to remove filter media contaminants.

Abstract: Apparatus for treating a liquid containing suspended solids comprising a clarifying vessel and a number of filters positioned around the periphery of the clarifying vessel for receiving and filtering liquid from the clarifier. A filter may be backwashed by isolating that filter, filling the other filter cells with clarified liquid and draining them into the isolated cell to remove filter media contaminants.

Abstract: In a drinking water reservoir, a draft tube is positioned above an inlet pipe to carry fresh water and water stored in a lower reservoir portion to an upper reservoir portion where the drinking water is mixed and stagnation of the reservoir contents is reduced. The draft tube can be used with a recycling pump and/or a mechanism for providing compressed gas to create a gas lifter to mix water in the lower storage portion with water in the upper storage portion when fresh water is not being added.

Abstract: Apparatus for purifying a liquid containing suspended solids comprising a walled vessel which is closed at the bottom and side and has an upper circular horizontal portion thereby defining a chamber; a conduit for feeding a liquid containing suspended solids to the chamber so that the liquid flows in a helical path upwardly in the chamber to the vessel upper portion; a liquid effluent clarifying and withdrawing device, at the upper portion of the vessel, into which liquid flowing at and adjacent the liquid surface in one direction of a circular path can substantially change direction whereby flow of the suspended solids in the circular path is maintained to a substantially greater extent than the amount of solids carried along with the liquid which changes direction thereby providing a stream of clarified liquid at the withdrawing device; and an outlet into which the stream of clarified liquid can flow from the withdrawing device and be removed from the vessel.

Abstract: A method of dissolving a gas in water comprising directing an aqueous stream to rotate in a downwardly moving spiral stream from a high downward velocity to a lower downward velocity and diffusing a gas into the aqueous stream so as to produce small gas bubbles which are rotated in a generally spiral path by the aqueous stream thereby providing a long flow distance over which the bubbles have increased contact time with the aqueous stream to facilitate dissolution of the gas therein and in which rising of the gas bubbles is progressively opposed by the increased downward velocity of the higher portion of the aqueous stream.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for treating a liquid containing contaminating solid or dissolved solid materials comprising introducing the liquid into a treatment vessel in the lower part of a generally-conical interior portion thereof, causing said liquid to move upwardly with helical flow through said generally-conical interior portion toward said upper end thereof, the path of said helical flow gradually widening as it progresses upwardly through said generally-conical interior portion thereby resulting in separation of solids from the liquid, gradually decreasing the velocity of said liquid by the gradual widening of said helical flow path as it progresses upwardly to form a rotating sludge blanket of separated solids in the upper part of said generally-conical interior portion above the point of liquid introduction, passing the liquid upwardly through said rotating sludge blanket to clarify said liquid while said liquid is moving along said helical flow path, removing the clarified liquid from said treatment