Abstract: An optical apparatus for imaging a sample has a scanning apparatus having a laser energizable to direct an input beam of a first wavelength to a reflective scanner that is rotatable about an axis and a toroidal mirror surface that is symmetric about said axis and is disposed to direct scanned laser light of the first wavelength toward the sample in an arcuate scan pattern. A compensator in the path of the input beam is formed to correct one or more aberrations of the toroidal mirror surface. Telecentric collector optics define a collection path that conveys, to a detector, scanned light of a second wavelength that is excited from the scanned sample.

Abstract: Systems and methods for heating a battery, which may be performed alone or in combination with charging or discharging a battery. In some implementations, heating involves applying an alternating current waveform, which may be sinusoidal, to a battery. In some implementations, the heating signal is applied at a frequency and/or current with little or no net charge to the battery.

Abstract: A wearable display apparatus is described herein. The wearable display apparatus includes an image generator that forms a 2D image, a partially transmissive mirror having a curved reflective surface, a beam splitter disposed to reflect light toward the curved mirror surface, and an optical image relay that is configured to conjugate the formed 2D image at the image generator to a curved focal surface of the partially transmissive mirror.

Abstract: An augmented reality and extended reality surgical system comprising three 3D viewing options of: (i) an AR/XR headset or headsets, (ii) one or more autostereoscopic “3D glasses free” monitor(s); and (iii) one or more digital ocular stereoscopic 3D viewports which is mounted to a cobotic arm viewing option for ergonomically sound viewing. The system may comprise a wearable device, such as a head mounted display or glasses, that provides the user with virtual reality, augmented reality, and/or mixed reality for surgery visualization. This system is all digital and features both wired and wireless connections that have approximately the same latency of less than 20 milliseconds. This may allow the user to access 2D or 3D imaging, magnification, virtual visualization, six-degrees of freedom (6DoF) image management, and/or other images while still viewing real reality and thus maintaining a presence in the operating room.

Abstract: An apparatus for obtaining an image of a retina is described herein. The apparatus includes an optical relay that defines an optical path and is configured to relay an image of the iris along the optical path to a pupil, a shutter is disposed at the pupil and configured to define at least a first shutter aperture for control of light transmission through the pupil position, a tube lens disposed to direct light from the shutter aperture to an image sensor, and a prismatic input port disposed between the shutter and the tube lens and configured to combine, onto the optical path, light from the relay with light conveyed along a second light path that is orthogonal to the optical path.

Abstract: A wearable display apparatus is described herein. The wearable display apparatus includes a headset, a left-eye optical system, a right-eye optical system, and an inter-pupil distance (IPD) adjustment system coupled to the headset, the left-eye optical system, and the right-eye optical system for adjusting an inter-pupil spacing between the left-eye optical system and the right-eye optical system.

Abstract: An apparatus for obtaining an image of a retina has an optical relay that defines an optical path and is configured to relay an image of the iris along the optical path to a pupil; a shutter disposed at the pupil and configured to define at least a first shutter aperture for control of light transmission through the pupil position; a tube lens disposed to direct light from the shutter aperture to an image sensor; and a prismatic input port disposed between the shutter and the tube lens and configured to combine, onto the optical path, light from the relay with light conveyed along a second light path that is orthogonal to the optical path.

Abstract: An optical apparatus has an electroluminescent display energizable to emit image-bearing light along an optical axis. A reflective polarizer reflects light of a first polarization state and transmit light of a second polarization state orthogonal to the first polarization state. A quarter wave plate in the path of transmitted light of the second polarization state imparts retardance to conveyed light. A curved, partially reflective surface transmits incident light. An exit lens directs light from the curved, partially reflective surface to an exit pupil, with an eye relief of less than the focal length of an eye, wherein the optical apparatus forms an image with a field of view exceeding 40 degrees horizontally and 20 degrees vertically. The optical apparatus is configured for seating directly against the face of the viewer, to form the image peripheral to a primary field of view.

Abstract: An apparatus for obtaining an image of a retina has an optical relay that defines an optical path and is configured to relay an image of the iris along the optical path to a pupil; a shutter disposed at the pupil and configured to define at least a first shutter aperture for control of light transmission through the pupil position; a tube lens disposed to direct light from the shutter aperture to an image sensor; and a prismatic input port disposed between the shutter and the tube lens and configured to combine, onto the optical path, light from the relay with light conveyed along a second light path that is orthogonal to the optical path.

Abstract: An apparatus for obtaining an image of a cornea having a stereomicroscope configured to obtain and display 2D or 3D image content of an eye of a patient, with pupil imaging optics that form a pupil along an optical axis and a shutter configured to form a pattern of one or more apertures for light at the formed pupil. An input prism is configured to direct light to or from the optical axis, with optics configured to convey light along the optical axis to a sensor.

Abstract: An optical apparatus has an electroluminescent display energizable to emit image-bearing light along an optical axis. A reflective polarizer reflects light of a first polarization state and transmit light of a second polarization state orthogonal to the first polarization state. A quarter wave plate in the path of transmitted light of the second polarization state imparts retardance to conveyed light. A curved, partially reflective surface transmits incident light. An exit lens directs light from the curved, partially reflective surface to an exit pupil, with an eye relief of less than the focal length of an eye, wherein the optical apparatus forms an image with a field of view exceeding 40 degrees horizontally and 20 degrees vertically. The optical apparatus is configured for seating directly against the face of the viewer, to form the image peripheral to a primary field of view.

Abstract: A wearable display apparatus is described herein. The wearable display apparatus includes a headset, a left-eye optical system, a right-eye optical system, and an inter-pupil distance (IPD) adjustment system coupled to the headset, the left-eye optical system, and the right-eye optical system for adjusting an inter-pupil spacing between the left-eye optical system and the right-eye optical system.

Abstract: A wearable display apparatus is described herein. The wearable display apparatus includes an image generator that forms a 2D image, a partially transmissive mirror having a curved reflective surface, a beam splitter disposed to reflect light toward the curved mirror surface, and an optical image relay that is configured to conjugate the formed 2D image at the image generator to a curved focal surface of the partially transmissive mirror.

Abstract: A wearable display apparatus has a headset for display from left-eye and right-eye near-eye catadioptric pupil-forming optical systems, each defining an exit pupil. Each optical system has an image generator to direct image-bearing light for a 2D image from an emissive surface. A curved reflective surface along the view axis is partially transmissive and defines a curved intermediate focal surface. A beam splitter reflects light toward the curved reflective surface. An image relay optically conjugates the formed image with a curved aerial image formed in air at the curved intermediate focal surface. The image relay has a prism having an input surface facing the emissive surface of the image generator, an output surface facing the curved intermediate focal surface, and a folding surface between input and output surfaces for folding the optical path for light generated by the image generator. An aperture stop for the relay is within the prism.

Abstract: A wearable display apparatus has a headset for display from left-eye and right-eye near-eye catadioptric pupil-forming optical systems, each defining an exit pupil. Each optical system has an image generator to direct image-bearing light for a 2D image from an emissive surface. A curved reflective surface along the view axis is partially transmissive and defines a curved intermediate focal surface. A beam splitter reflects light toward the curved reflective surface. An image relay optically conjugates the formed image with a curved aerial image formed in air at the curved intermediate focal surface. The image relay has a prism having an input surface facing the emissive surface of the image generator, an output surface facing the curved intermediate focal surface, and a folding surface between input and output surfaces for folding the optical path for light generated by the image generator. An aperture stop for the relay is within the prism.

Abstract: An optical apparatus has a laser light source to direct a modulated beam toward a scan mirror. An objective lens and the mirror define a curved focal surface, with a center of curvature at the scan mirror. A numerical aperture (NA) expander conforms to the concentric curved focal surface. Pupil relay optics relay an entrance pupil to an exit pupil of the viewer, the pupil relay optics defining an optical path between entrance and exit pupils. The optical path has a curved mirror surface to transmit half of the light from the modulated beam and has a first center of curvature at the entrance pupil. A first polarizing beam splitter in the optical path receives light from the scan mirror to reflect incident light of a first polarization and transmit incident light of a second polarization. The optical path directs the modulated light beam twice to the first polarizer.

Abstract: A hybrid optic includes a folded optical element with an outer reflective surface, an output surface, and a hollow core comprising a sidewall, a core output surface, and a core input opening through which light emitted by a light source enters the hollow core. A reflector element, coupled to the folded optical element, receives light from the light source, reflects a portion of the light into the hollow core and directly transmits the remaining portion of the light into the hollow core. To reduce the appearance of non-uniformities in the output light, the reflector element is diffuse and white, portions of the folded optical element are diffusely reflective, and/or a glare control diffuser is disposed on the output surface to disperse light transmitted through the core output surface of the hollow core. In this manner, the light coupling efficiency of the hybrid optic is enhanced without producing structured light.

Abstract: A wearable display apparatus has a headset for display from left-eye and right-eye near-eye catadioptric pupil-forming optical systems, each defining an exit pupil. Each optical system has an image generator to direct image-bearing light for a 2D image from an emissive surface. A curved reflective surface along the view axis is partially transmissive and defines a curved intermediate focal surface. A beam splitter reflects light toward the curved reflective surface. An image relay optically conjugates the formed image with a curved aerial image formed in air at the curved intermediate focal surface. The image relay has a prism having an input surface facing the emissive surface of the image generator, an output surface facing the curved intermediate focal surface, and a folding surface between input and output surfaces for folding the optical path for light generated by the image generator. An aperture stop for the relay is within the prism.

Abstract: A surgery visualization theatre comprising: an augmented/extended reality (AXR) headset; a digital viewport mounted on a cobotic arm; a monitor mounted on a monitor cobotic arm; a camera subsystem mounted on a camera cobotic arm; and a frame with cobotic arms featuring intelligence and command and control for the system and visualization methodologies, where the digital viewport cobotic arm, the monitor cobotic arm, and the camera cobotic arm are mounted on the frame and the AXR headset is connected thereto.

Abstract: A scanning microscope apparatus has a laser light to generate a beam at an excitation wavelength. A beam expander enlarges the beam width and forms a collimated beam, scanned in a raster pattern. A catadioptric objective has a curved partially transmissive mirror surface symmetric about an optical axis and disposed to focus a portion of the received scanned collimated beam toward a focal plane at the sample, wherein the mirror surface has a center of curvature either at an axis of rotation of the scanner or at an image of the axis of rotation. A reflective polarizer cooperates with the curved mirror to direct the focused light toward the sample. One or more polarization retarders condition excitation light conveyed toward and away from the curved mirror. A beam splitter separates the generated laser light from a signal and directs the signal toward a detector.