Abstract: A method for the treatment of circulating cooling water to remove undesirable chemical, particulate and biological components to minimize fouling, scaling and corrosion. A saturated solution of calcium carbonate is maintained in a cross flow filtration system by controlling the concentration of precipitated salts, temperature and/or pH. The turbulent agitation of the water circulating in the cross flow filtration loop encourages the precipitation of the dissolved calcium carbonate from the saturated solution. The concentration of particulates in the cross flow filtration loop is controlled with respect to the filter membrane flux by balancing the rate of withdrawal of concentrate against the rate of addition of feed water from the circulating cooling water. Additionally, chemicals may be added to the circulating cross flow filtration loop to precipitate other dissolved chemicals. The cross flow filter may be a microfilter or a nanofilter.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for removing a contaminant in situ from soil containing the contaminant, by contacting the soil containing the contaminant with a reagent in situ to remove the contaminant from the soil and form a mixture; removing the mixture from the soil; and removing the contaminant from the mixture, wherein the reagent is not citric acid. The invention further relates to a method for removing a contaminant in situ from soil containing the contaminant, by contacting the soil containing the contaminant with a reagent in situ and mobilizing the contaminant by electroremediation to form a mixture containing the contaminant; and removing the contaminant from the mixture.