Abstract: The methods described are for determining distribution, orientation and dimensions of networks of hydraulically-induced fractures within a subterranean formation containing fluids. Micro-seismic events are generated by particles introduced into the fractures which are capable of explosive or chemical reaction. In one method, treated proppant having a reactive coating is positioned in the formation during fracturing and reactive particles are introduced. In another method, reactive particles having a reactive core and a non-reactive coating are positioned in the fractures and react upon removal of the non-reactive coating, such as by dissolving, and reaction with a reactive particle. The waves generated by the micro-seismic events are used to map fracture space.

Abstract: Methods of treating a subterranean formation including providing a treatment fluid comprising an aqueous base fluid and a friction reducing agent, wherein the friction reducing agent is a biosynthetic polysaccharide produced by a host cell line with DNA encoding the biosynthetic polysaccharide; and introducing the treatment fluid into the subterranean formation.

Abstract: Crosslinked gelling agents employed during subterranean operations use electronically-modified boronic acids to enable higher operating temperatures while allowing reduced gelling agent loadings; the boronic acids having Formula I: X1 and X2 are independently selected from O, CH2, CH2O, OCH2, bond, and null, Y1 and Y2 are independently N or C, Ar is a 5- or 6-membered ring aryl or heteroaryl group with a link L to monomer unit M1, m is 1 or 2, n is 0, 1, 2, or 3, and each Z is independently an electron withdrawing group selected from nitro, ester, carboxylic acids, carboxylates, halogen, cyano, amide, acyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, CF3, a quaternary ammonium salt, polyhaloalkyl, and carbamate, with the proviso that when n is 0, the link L between M1 and Ar includes an electron withdrawing group attached to Ar, and introducing the treatment fluids into subterranean formations.

Abstract: Crosslinked gelling agents employed during subterranean operations use electronically-modified boronic acids to enable higher operating temperatures while allowing reduced gelling agent loadings; the boronic acids having Formula I: X1 and X2 are independently selected from O, CH2, CH2O, OCH2, bond, and null, Y1 and Y2 are independently N or C, Ar is a 5- or 6-membered ring aryl or heteroaryl group with a link L to monomer unit M1, m is 1 or 2, n is 0, 1, 2, or 3, and each Z is independently an electron withdrawing group selected from nitro, ester, carboxylic acids, carboxylates, halogen, cyano, amide, acyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, CF3, a quaternary ammonium salt, polyhaloalkyl, and carbamate, with the proviso that when n is 0, the link L between M1 and Ar includes an electron withdrawing group attached to Ar, and introducing the treatment fluids into subterranean formations.

Abstract: The present invention relates to environmentally friendly delayed crosslinking complexes that are useful in subterranean treatment fluids. One embodiment of the present invention provides a method of providing a treatment fluid having a first viscosity and includes: an aqueous base fluid, a viscosifying agent, a delayed crosslinking complex having: a metal and a ligand, the ligand having at least one hydroxyl group and at least one carboxylic acid group; and placing the treatment fluid in a subterranean formation. In some embodiments, the delayed crosslinking complex is compliant and/or the viscosifying agent is compliant.

Abstract: Treatment fluids comprising gelling agents and high-temperature, delayed crosslinkers, and methods of use in subterranean operations, are provided. In one embodiment, a method of treating a subterranean formation includes providing a treatment fluid comprising an aqueous base fluid; a gelling agent comprising terpolymer of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, acrylamide, and acrylic acid or a salt thereof; and a crosslinking agent comprising at least one component selected from the group consisting of zirconyl chloride and zirconium sulfate; and introducing the treatment fluid into a subterranean formation.

Abstract: There is provided a method for testing the forces experienced by a wearer when donning a tubular article. The method includes securing one end of a tubular hosiery article to be tested to a support, inserting a tension tester head within the tubular body and measuring the force against the article surface as the tester head passes through the article. An apparatus for performing this method is also disclosed. The tester head has a geometric shape that may be advanced by withdrawing the head through the hosiery or the hosiery may be drawn past the tension head.