Abstract: A smart card that is responsive to a list of items with individual prices that are received from a point of sale (POS) terminal during an individual transaction to automatically insert these items into expense categories. A personal computer later retrieves these categories and associated information and inserts the information into a spreadsheet. The microprocessor in the smart card relies on stored tables defining commonly used item designations and a table that defines definitions based on an ongoing learning process by the microprocessor in conjunction with the personal computer.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing secure electronic financial transactions are disclosed. Money is electronically stored on a plurality of smart cards. At least one smart card is equipped with an electronic security wall having a closed state and an open state. In the closed state, the smart card is disabled from participating in at least one financial transaction, and in the open state, the smart card may participate in at least one financial transaction. At least one smart card is equipped with at least one of a first security key for changing the state of the electronic security wall from the open state to the closed state, and a second security key for changing the state of the electronic security wall from the closed state to the open state.

Abstract: A secure toll payment system is realized by transmitting a changeable encryption code from roadside equipment at a toll plaza to a moving vehicle. Thereafter, the moving vehicle uses it to encrypt payment information according to the Data Encryption Standard algorithm. The moving vehicle transmits the encrypted payment information to the roadside equipment which performs a credit or debit transaction. Because the encryption code changes from time to time, so too does the nature of the signal which is transmitted by the vehicle; and fraud, based on electronic eavesdropping, is substantially eliminated. The encryption code comprises an 8-bit random number and a time/date number. Vehicle-mounted apparatus includes a transponder unit and a portable smart card which inserts therein. The roadside equipment includes a pair of spaced-apart antennas that are sequentially located along an express payment lane at a toll plaza and a computer (Plaza Server) which controls them.

Abstract: An improved security system, including a protable smart card and a host computer, eliminates the need for the computer to store individual personal identification (ID) numbers for each user seeking access to the computer. Instead, the computer stores a first encryption algorithm E.sub.1 used in converting a particular identification number (ID).sub.n into a secret code S.sub.n for that particular user. S.sub.n also exists within the memory of the smart card having been loaded into its memory at the time of issue. A challenge number C is generated by the computer and transmitted to the smart card. Within the smart card and the computer, microprocessors respond to the challenge number C, the secret code S.sub.n, and a second encryption algorithm E.sub.2 in order to generate response numbers R.sub.n and R.sub.n ' respectively. Thereafter, R.sub.n is transmitted to the computer where it is compared with R.sub.n '. A favorable comparison is necessary for gaining access to the computer.