Abstract: Actuators facilitating mechanical beam steering for optical integrated circuits are disclosed. The mechanical beam steering can mitigate thermal sensitivity of optical circuits, for example, arrayed waveguides. Also disclosed are methods for fabricating optical integrated circuits employing actuators.

Abstract: Actuators facilitating mechanical beam steering for optical integrated circuits are disclosed. The mechanical beam steering can mitigate thermal sensitivity of optical circuits, for example, arrayed waveguides. Also disclosed are methods for fabricating optical integrated circuits employing actuators.

Abstract: Actuators facilitating mechanical beam steering for optical integrated circuits are disclosed. The mechanical beam steering can mitigate thermal sensitivity of optical circuits, for example, arrayed waveguides. Also disclosed are methods for fabricating optical integrated circuits employing actuators.

Abstract: Actuators facilitating mechanical beam steering for optical integrated circuits are disclosed. The mechanical beam steering can mitigate thermal sensitivity of optical circuits, for example, arrayed waveguides. Also disclosed are methods for fabricating optical integrated circuits employing actuators.

Abstract: The invention is a template to aid in the regeneration of articular cartilage. The template is formed by combining a porous collagen sponge ("collagen matrix") with a dense collagen membrane. The dense collagen membrane is placed on the surface of the cartilage defect to prevent cell migration from the subchondral plate and vasculature. The collagen membrane will allow movement and exchange of fluids, nutrients, cytokines and other factors necessary for cartilage regeneration. The collagen matrix has been developed to allow attachment and growth of cells, specifically chondrocytes which are normally found in articular cartilage. The collagen matrix can be combined with chondrocytes in vitro, and therefore serve to transport cultured cells to the defect site and to retain the cells in position following implantation. Procedures are described to effectively use the two-staged template, and to fix the template to the repair site.

Abstract: An attachment method to hold a biomaterial in place until healing occurs. The method consists of anchoring sutures through the subchondral plate into bony tissue with at least two lines emerging from the surface. The anchored suture lines are then pulled through the implant at its four quadrants, and is thus used to secure the cartilage repair material into the wound site.