Abstract: Disclosed herein are embodiments of an electrochemical device comprising graphene material made using embodiments of the method disclosed herein. Also disclosed is a graphene electrode comprising the graphene material made using embodiments of the method disclosed herein. The graphene material disclosed herein for use in the disclosed electrochemical devices has superior properties and activity compared to carbon-based materials known and used in the art. The disclosed graphene material can be used in multiple different technologies, such as water treatment, batteries, fuel cells, electrochemical sensors, solar cells, and ultracapacitors (both aqueous and non-aqueous).

Abstract: Disclosed herein are embodiments of an electrochemical device comprising graphene material made using embodiments of the method disclosed herein. Also disclosed is a graphene electrode comprising the graphene material made using embodiments of the method disclosed herein. The graphene material disclosed herein for use in the disclosed electrochemical devices has superior properties and activity compared to carbon-based materials known and used in the art. The disclosed graphene material can be used in multiple different technologies, such as water treatment, batteries, fuel cells, electrochemical sensors, solar cells, and ultracapacitors (both aqueous and non-aqueous).

Abstract: Disclosed herein are embodiments of an electrochemical device comprising graphene material made using embodiments of the method disclosed herein. Also disclosed is a graphene electrode comprising the graphene material made using embodiments of the method disclosed herein. The graphene material disclosed herein for use in the disclosed electrochemical devices has superior properties and activity compared to carbon-based materials known and used in the art. The disclosed graphene material can be used in multiple different technologies, such as water treatment, batteries, fuel cells, electrochemical sensors, solar cells, and ultracapacitors (both aqueous and non-aqueous).

Abstract: Disclosed herein are embodiments of an electrochemical device comprising graphene material made using embodiments of the method disclosed herein. Also disclosed is a graphene electrode comprising the graphene material made using embodiments of the method disclosed herein. The graphene material disclosed herein for use in the disclosed electrochemical devices has superior properties and activity compared to carbon-based materials known and used in the art. The disclosed graphene material can be used in multiple different technologies, such as water treatment, batteries, fuel cells, electrochemical sensors, solar cells, and ultracapacitors (both aqueous and non-aqueous).

Abstract: Catalytic converters and insert materials for catalytic converters comprising metalized nanostructures coated on metal or ceramic honeycomb substrates are described. The nanostructures can be bonded directly to the channel walls of the metal or ceramic honeycomb substrates, and generally extend approximately 0.1 mm into the open pore volume of the substrates. The nanostructured coating can be used to support various catalyst formulations, where the nanostructured coating can provide advantages such as increasing reactivity of the catalysts by providing higher accessible surface area, decreasing light-off temperature through enabling smaller particle size of the catalysts, improving durability and lifetime of the catalysts through increased thermal stability, decreasing costs through reduced amounts of precious metals, and/or functioning as a filter for particulate matter.

Abstract: Particular embodiments of the current method disclose a method for making graphene, comprising providing a starting material and heating the starting material for a time and to a temperature effective to produce graphene. Certain embodiments utilize starting materials comprising carbonaceous materials used in conjunction with, or comprising, sulfur, and essentially free of a transition metal. The graphene produced by the current method can be used to coat graphene-coatable materials.

Abstract: Nanostructured catalysts and related methods are described. The nanostructured catalysts have a hierarchical structure that facilitates modification of the catalysts for use in particular reactions. Methods for generating hydrogen from a hydrogen-containing molecular species using a nanostructured catalyst are described. The hydrogen gas may be collected and stored, or the hydrogen gas may be collected and consumed for the generation of energy. Thus, the methods may be used as part of the operation of an energy-consuming device or system, e.g., an engine or a fuel cell. Methods for storing hydrogen by using a nanostructured catalyst to react a dehydrogenated molecular species with hydrogen gas to form a hydrogen-containing molecular species are also described.

Abstract: High surface area electrodes are described here. The electrodes comprise a conductive substrate and a mesh of nanostructures disposed on the conductive substrate. The nanostructures are coated with conductive or semiconducting nanoparticles to form a high surface area electrode. Methods for making high surface area electrodes are also provided. Further, energy storage devices incorporating the high surface area electrodes are described. Related systems incorporating energy storage devices are also disclosed.

Abstract: A solar energy capture device (solar cell) comprising a disordered mat of semiconductor nanostructures decorated with metal nanoparticles of varying diameters is described. The solar cell may be configured as a semiconductor-type solar cell or as a Gratzel-type solar cell.

Abstract: In one aspect, the invention includes a method of forming a material containing carbon and boron, comprising: a) providing a substrate within a chemical vapor deposition chamber; b) flowing a carbon and boron precursor into the chamber, the precursor being a compound that comprises both carbon and boron; and c) utilizing the precursor to chemical vapor deposit a material onto the substrate, the material comprising carbon and boron. In another aspect, the invention includes a method of forming a catalyst, comprising: a) providing a substrate within a chemical vapor deposition chamber; b) flowing a carbon and boron precursor into the chamber, the precursor being a compound that comprises both carbon and boron; c) utilizing the precursor to chemical vapor deposit a first material onto the substrate, the first material comprising carbon and boron; and d) coating the first material with a catalytic material.

Abstract: Disclosed is a compact, small diameter, high resolution charged particle-energy detecting, retractable cylindrical mirror analyzer system. Multiple sequential stages enable charged particle-energy detection with an improved resolution as compared to that possible where only a single stage is utilized. The relatively small size allows for positioning, via a manipulator of the cylindrical mirror analyzer system, which is attached to a linear motion feedthrough mounted on a conflat flange of a vacuum system.

Abstract: A single pass cylindrical mirror analyzer for use in charged particle analysis has reduced size for mounting on a simple manipulator. The reduced size of the analyzer allows for placement of the analyzer on a linear motion feedtrough mounted on a conflat flange for insertion into and retraction from the analysis position. The reduced size of the cylindrical mirror analyzer in combination with good instrument resolution results in a versatile charged particle analyzer.