Abstract: A method of determining true temperatures of a heated target material by its radiation based on prior knowledge of an emissivity function which describes the relationship between two spectral emissivities for the target material, comprising measuring two radiances corresponding to said two spectral emissivities from the target material, assuming a temperature of the target material, then calculating a pair of emissivities which satisfy the emissivity fuction whereat the assumed temperature is the true temperature of the target material.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for evaluating erythema utilizing skin reflection measurements. By collecting and analyzing data representative of both normal and erythematous skin utilizing reflectance spectra within a range of 400 to 700 nm, distinctive spectral features of erythema have been identified. A relationship representing a function of normal and erythematous skin reflectance at three specific wavelengths (500 nm, 550 nm, and 595 nm) was developed to provide an absolute measure of the vascular response of the skin, which measure is independent of pigmentation characteristics of the skin and takes into consideration normal fluctuations in skin color. By varying the exposure of the skin to radiation from a predetermined source and then measuring the reflectance of the skin at particular time periods and at a plurality (preferably three) of different wavelengths, the relative changes in superficial blood volume due to erythema are isolated.

Abstract: A domestic electric baking oven system utilizing upper and lower independently controlled low temperature, low wattage radiant heating elements which radiate heat directly to a food product and to a baking pan bottom. The system efficiently couples the two radiant heat energy sources to the product by utilizing interior oven cavity walls that are highly reflective of radiant energy and a baking pan member that is highly absorptive of radiant energy. The system accomplishes shorter baking times and reduction in energy consumption while maintaining quality levels in the baked product.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for determining the bilirubin concentration in the blood serum of a person from measurement of the spectral reflectance of the skin. The disclosed method detects the severity of jaundice, a common neonatal condition, and enables determination of the type of treatment regimen needed to prevent the bilirubin level from becoming sufficiently high to cause kernicterus which can result in brain damage. The method includes measuring the reflectance of the skin within a predetermined frequency spectrum, and more particularly at a number of specific wavelengths in the visible portion of the spectrum.