Abstract: A method of controlling polishing includes polishing a stack of adjacent conductive layers on a substrate, measuring with an in-situ eddy current monitoring system a sequence of characterizing values for the substrate during polishing, calculating a polishing rate from the sequence of characterizing values repeatedly during polishing, calculating one or more adjustments for one or more polishing parameters based on a current polishing rate using a first control algorithm for an initial time period, detecting a change in the polishing rate that indicates exposure of the underlying conductive layer, and calculating one or more adjustments for one or more polishing parameters based on the polishing rate using a different second control algorithm for a subsequent time period after detecting the change in the polishing rate.

Abstract: A line voltage sensor and dial pulse repeater circuit for use in conjunction with a digital PABX telephone system connecting a subscriber station to a switching center providing for detection of off-hook condition of the subscriber's set, detection of irregularly shaped dial pulse and correction of the irregularly shaped dial pulses to allow accurate reconstruction of the dial pulses originally transmitted via the subscriber's set.

Abstract: A call for service and continuity sensor circuit for use in conjunction with a trunk circuit of a digital PABX telephone system interfacing with a central office via ground start signalling providing for detection of a call for service signal to the PABX by the central office. This circuit also provides the means to effect an open circuit for both signalling and transmission conditions in order to prevent excess loading of the trunk circuit during these conditions. This circuit provides a precise and stable threshold detection level necessary for accurate sensing of the trunk circuit conditions mentioned above despite parasitic leakage current, induced longitudinal power line voltages, and earth potentials sometimes existing on the line connecting the PABX to the central office.

Abstract: An AC supervisory signal detector circuit for use in conjunction with a trunk circuit of a digital PABX telephone system interfacing with a central office providing for detection of relatively low frequency AC voltages which may be superimposed upon a DC bias voltage of either polarity. The circuit is equally responsive to various frequencies used in supervisory type signaling.

Abstract: A detector circuit for use in conjunction with a trunk circuit of a PABX telephone system interfacing with a central office providing for constant monitoring of normal or reverse battery application by the central office during the high impedance idle state or the low impedance busy state. In addition, the circuit provides for detection of: proper loop closure, electrically shorted tip and ring leads, open circuit condition of tip and ring leads or a grounded ring lead. Furthermore, the circuit indicates when current flow of proper magnitude is sensed during normal or reverse battery conditions.

Abstract: A method of providing a multi-port conference circuit for use in a telephone switching system employing pulse coded modulated signals for transmission and supervision. Samplings of coded information are employed as a source of conference data and comparison with the digital information contained therein is employed to choose the speaker in a conference group.

Abstract: A regimented memory arrangement in which "Read" and "Write" operations take place simultaneously. Three-way communications are facilitated by the technique disclosed.

Abstract: A precise tone injection circuit for injecting tone signals to a constant current junctor circuit in a two-wire balanced circuit. The tone injection circuit includes a pair of transistors operating as constant current sources feeding the respective ones of the two wires. A phase splitter amplifier couples a tone signal to the base electrodes of the transistors to change the current through their collector electrodes via the emitter circuits thereof at a rate and frequency of the tone signals at the base. Since a two-wire balanced circuit is used, and the injected signal currents to each wire are 180.degree. out-of-phase, in-phase signals, that is, noise and voltage fluctuations, are reduced or rejected.