Abstract: Apparatus (2) for monitoring chlorine in water (4), which apparatus (2) comprises a flow cell (6), the flow cell (6) containing a chlorine sensor (62) and an automatic calibration system, and the automatic calibration system being such that it comprises a small pair of in-line electrodes (50) for generating low concentrations of free chlorine, and injection means (44) for injecting in use of the apparatus a salt solution (64) of known concentration.

Abstract: Apparatus (2) for sensing at least one parameter in a liquid, which apparatus (2) comprises sensor means (4) for sensing the parameter in the liquid, rotation means (6), drive and generator means (8) for driving the rotation means (6) and generating electricity, electricity storage means (12), and control means (14), the apparatus (2) being such that in use the rotation means (6) operates in a flow of the liquid (16), the drive and generator means (8) drives the rotation means (6) when the flow of liquid is below a predetermined value whereby the rotation means (6) maintains the flow of liquid at or above the predetermined value, the drive and generator means (8) is driven by electricity from the electricity storage means (12), the flow of liquid drives the rotation means (6) when the flow of liquid is at or above the predetermined value, the drive and generator means (8) is operated by the rotation means (6) when the rotation means (6) is driven by the flow of liquid, electricity generated by the drive and g

Abstract: Apparatus (2) for sensing parameters, which apparatus (2) comprises a housing (4), a plurality of sockets (6) in the housing (4), a sensor (8) in each of the sockets (6), first electrical contacts (10) on the sensor (8), and second electrical contacts (12) in each socket (6) at an end of the socket (6) remote from the sensor (8), and the apparatus (2) being such that: (i) the sensors (8) are for sensing different parameters; (ii) the sockets (6) are such that when they contain their sensors (8) then the sockets (6) are sealed from each other whereby a liquid caused to be present in a socket (6) consequent upon an operator error is unable to pass to the other sockets (6); (iii) the second electrical contacts (12) define the type of sensor (8) that is appropriate for each socket (6); and (iv) the sensors (8) each comprise a flat sensor part (14), a transversely extending mounting part (16), and a body part (18), the transversely extending mounting part (16) being located in a bore in the body part (18), and the

Abstract: An interdigitated microelectrode (2) comprising a substrate (4), a first layer (6) of a first metal on the substrate (4), and a second layer (8) of a second metal on the substrate (4), the first layer (6) comprising a plurality of line microelectrodes (10) which are connected at a first end (12) and are not connected at a second end (14), the second layer (8) comprising a plurality of line microelectrodes (16) which are connected at a first end (18) and are not connected at a second end (20), the line microelectrodes (10) of the first layer (6) and the line microelectrodes (16) of the second layer (8) being such that they extend into each other but do not touch each other thereby to form an interdigititated microelectrode array (22), and the first metal being different from the second metal. A process for producing the interdigitated microelectrode (2) is also disclosed.

Abstract: There is provided a sample preparation device and method for preparing a sample of liquid for detection of impurities. First (40) and second (38) electrodes are provided, located for immersion in a liquid under test. A semipermeable membrane (42) is positioned to protect the first electrode (40) from a body of liquid under test (32). The semipermeable membrane allows the liquid under test to pass therethrough to reach the first electrode, while preventing solids carried in the liquid from reaching the first electrode, the first electrode being positioned to affect the liquid under test in the vicinity of a sensor (36). Particular embodiments feature a hydrophilic membrane to protect the electrodes from suspended solids in the sample, a thin electrode assembly to achieve a faster response and the addition of a heater for temperature control to achieve consistent detection conditions and improved anti-fouling properties.

Abstract: There is provided a sample preparation device and method for preparing a sample of liquid for detection of impurities. First (40) and second (38) electrodes are provided, located for immersion in a liquid under test. A semipermeable membrane (42) is positioned to protect the first electrode (40) from a body of liquid under test (32). The semipermeable membrane allows the liquid under test to pass therethrough to reach the first electrode, while preventing solids carried in the liquid from reaching the first electrode, the first electrode being positioned to affect the liquid under test in the vicinity of a sensor (36). Particular embodiments feature a hydrophilic membrane to protect the electrodes from suspended solids in the sample, a thin electrode assembly to achieve a faster response and the addition of a heater for temperature control to achieve consistent detection conditions and improved anti-fouling properties.

Abstract: A device for water quality measurement apparatus includes a plurality of multi-element arrays formed on a substrate, which are immersed in a solution for detecting electroactive elements or compounds present in such a solution. A wafer is located between first and second ‘O’ rings, with the first ‘O’ ring being disposed on a first side of the wafer and the second ‘O’ ring being disposed on a second side of the wafer, opposite to the first side. The first and second ‘O’ rings are arranged such that the wafer is exposed to substantially equal pressure on both sides.