Abstract: A process for the liquefaction of carbonaceous material is described that utilizes a single liquefaction reactor that accepts mixtures of carbon monoxide and hydrogen (syngas) at any ratio and which provides for a water gas shift reaction and a hydrogenation reaction of the carbonaceous material to provide a desired hydrocarbon. The process avoids the use of a separate reactor for the water gas shift reaction and applies to carbonaceous material such as any type of coal and/or biomass containing plant and/or animal matter for conversion to a synthetic fuel.

Abstract: A process for the liquefaction of carbonaceous material is described that utilizes a single liquefaction reactor that accepts mixtures of carbon monoxide and hydrogen (syngas) at any ratio and which provides for a water gas shift reaction and a hydrogenation reaction of the carbonaceous material to provide a desired hydrocarbon. The process avoids the use of a separate reactor for the water gas shift reaction and applies to carbonaceous material such as any type of coal and/or biomass containing plant and/or animal matter for conversion to a synthetic fuel.

Abstract: A process for treating a carbonaceous material includes reacting the carbonaceous material and a process gas in supercritical water to at least one of hydrotreat and hydrocrack the carbonaceous material to form a treated carbonaceous material. The process is preferably carried out in a deep well reactor, but can be carried out in conventional surface-based reactors at a temperature of at least 705° F. and a pressure of at least 2500 psi.

Abstract: A process for treating a carbonaceous material includes reacting the carbonaceous material and a process gas in supercritical water to at least one of hydrotreat and hydrocrack the carbonaceous material to form a treated carbonaceous material. The process is preferably carried out in a deep well reactor, but can be carried out in conventional surface-based reactors at a temperature of at least 705° F. and a pressure of at least 2500 psi.

Abstract: A method of producing oxygenated fuel. The method operates on a sulfur-free base fuel. Oxygen gas is introduced into the base fuel, which is heated, using a sparging process. Water is then removed from the resulting oxygenated fuel.

Abstract: A method of producing oxygenated fuel. The method operates on a sulfur-free base fuel. Oxygen gas is introduced into the base fuel, which is heated, using a sparging process. Water is then removed from the resulting oxygenated fuel.

Abstract: A mixture of alkoxy-terminated poly-oxymethylenes, having a varied mixture of molecular weights, is blended with diesel fuel to form an improved fuel for autoignition engines. The mixed alkoxy-terminated poly-oxymethylenes may be produced by reacting paraformaldehyde with methylal, methanol, or other alcohol for a length of time and at a temperature and pressure sufficient to form the mixed alkoxy-terminated poly-oxymethylenes. The base diesel fuel, when blended with the mixed alkoxy-terminated poly-oxymethylenes in a volume ratio of from about 2 to about 5 parts diesel fuel to 1 part mixed alkoxy-terminated poly-oxymethylenes, provides a higher quality fuel having significantly improved lubricity and reduced smoke formation, without degradation of the cetane number or smoke formation characteristics when compared with the base diesel fuel.