Abstract: Authentication method and systems using RFID-enabled payment cards are disclosed herein where a server receives a request corresponding to authorization of a payment associated with a payment card from an electronic terminal. The server identifies an electronic device of a user associated with the payment card. The server then transmits an instruction to the electronic device to cause an RFID reader of the electronic device to determine whether an RFID tag corresponding to the payment card is located within a predetermined proximity to the electronic device. When the payment card is located within the predetermined proximity, the server executes a first authentication protocol. Moreover, when the payment card is not located within the predetermined proximity, the server executes a second authentication protocol, wherein the second authentication protocol is more restrictive than the first authentication protocol.

Abstract: A protective coating for an ungulate hoof comprising an abrasive-resistant, anti-microbial adhesive that is harder and more flexible than a hoof wall applied to the ground-contacting surface of a hoof and the dorsal hoof wall for the purpose of furnishing protection against hoof damage and hoof infection and adding support to a hoof.

Abstract: A protective coating for an ungulate hoof comprising an abrasive-resistant, anti-microbial adhesive that is harder and more flexible than a hoof wall applied to the ground-contacting surface of a hoof and the dorsal hoof wall for the purpose of furnishing protection against hoof damage and hoof infection and adding support to a hoof.

Abstract: A nipper is disclosed having lightweight handles which are ergonomically shaped narrowly to accommodate smaller hands or one-handed use, and biased outwardly by a torsion type spring which additionally limits the open handle width. The nipper utilizes carbide tool steel blades affixed with fasteners for easy replacement. The nipper has a friction reducing bushing at the pivot for ease of movement.