Abstract: Quaternary ammonium compounds having the structural formula: ##STR1## wherein X is chloride, bromide, iodide or alkyl carboxylate having a C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkyl radical, and R is n-nonyl or isononyl. The disclosed compounds were found to be non-toxic, low foaming, effective biocides in treatment methods for controlling bacteria, algae and molluscs in aqueous systems.

Abstract: Quaternary ammonium compounds having the structural formula: ##STR1## wherein X is chloride, bromide, iodide or alkyl carboxylate having a C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkyl radical, and R is n-nonyl or isononyl. The disclosed compounds were found to be non-toxic, low foaming, effective biocides in treatment methods for controlling bacteria, algae and molluscs in aqueous systems.

Abstract: Graft polymers are prepared by reacting an ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomer with a polymer of an olefin of 2 to about 8 carbon atoms in a process wherein the olefin polymer is substantially insoluble in the monomer but is capable of absorbing the monomer. In a preferred aspect, a vinyl halide polyolefin graft polymer is produced by reacting a solid polyolefin particle with a vinyl halide monomer in which the polyolefin is substantially insoluble, but is capable of absorbing the monomer. The solid particles can be contacted with the monomer in one step or in stages. When the stage-wise reaction is continued until the proportion of polyolefin in the polymer product is about 2 to abut 20 weight percent, the resulting product can be formed to a transparent or translucent article.

Abstract: Polyvinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride containing up to 20 percent of a comonomer can be obtained in the form of small particle size spherical glassy surface particles by a process of bulk polymerization of monomer or monomers comprising two stage polymerization wherein high shear agitation is used during the first stage and low shear agitation is used in the second stage. To obtain a reduction in particle size, the polymerization in the first stage is conducted in contact with at least one of (A) an additive comprising an organic or inorganic, inert, fine particle size material solid at least at reaction temperatures, and insoluble in said monomer or monomers used, and (B) a cationic, anionic, or non-ionic surface active agent. A portion of the polymerization in a second stage reaction is conducted at temperature and pressure sufficient to render the surface of the individual particles or agglomerates glassy and fused.