Abstract: This disclosure is directed towards detecting artifacts in an ECG signal. An ECG system may include multiple sensors which can sense an ECG signal when attached to a patient. Bipolar leads connect the sensors, and provide the ECG signal from the sensors to a computing device. The computing device receives respective signals from the bipolar leads, where the respective signals are indicative of the ECG signal. The computing device identifies, based on the respective signals, a potential artifact corresponding to a subset of the plurality of bipolar leads. The computing device determines that each lead of the subset of the plurality of bipolar leads is connected to a common sensor. The computing device may use signals originating from a remainder of the bipolar leads (e.g., the bipolar leads that are not connected to the sensor(s) where the artifact is detected) to detect a condition of the patient.

Abstract: Continuously monitoring heart rhythm can include grouping, using computer hardware, a plurality of inter-beat intervals (IBI) data for a user into a plurality of epochs, wherein each epoch includes a subset of the IBI data corresponding to a predetermined time span. For each epoch, a selected feature set selected from a plurality of feature sets is extracted based on a determination of temporal consistency of the epoch. A plurality of epoch classifications may be generated for the epochs using a selected feature processor, wherein each epoch classification indicates whether arrhythmia is detected for the epoch from which the epoch classification is generated. The selected feature processor is selected from a plurality of different feature processors on a per-epoch basis based on the selected feature set extracted from the epoch. An indication of arrhythmia may be output, via an output device of the computer hardware, based on the epoch classifications.

Abstract: Systems and methods for monitoring the condition of electrodes used in biological signal measurement are provided. One method includes applying a first test signal having a first frequency to at least one of a plurality of electrodes and applying a second test signal having a second frequency to at least one of the plurality of electrodes. Both frequencies are below a frequency range associated with the biological signal. The method further includes capturing the biological signal while applying the plurality of test signals and generating an output signal that includes both the measured biological signal and the plurality of test signals. The method further includes retrieving an output amplitude for each of the plurality of test signals from the output signal and calculating an estimated impedance for each of the plurality of electrodes based on the retrieved output amplitudes of the plurality of test signals.

Abstract: Continuously monitoring heart rhythm can include grouping, using computer hardware, a plurality of inter-beat intervals (IBI) data for a user into a plurality of epochs, wherein each epoch includes a subset of the IBI data corresponding to a predetermined time span. For each epoch, a selected feature set selected from a plurality of feature sets is extracted based on a determination of temporal consistency of the epoch. A plurality of epoch classifications may be generated for the epochs using a selected feature processor, wherein each epoch classification indicates whether arrhythmia is detected for the epoch from which the epoch classification is generated. The selected feature processor is selected from a plurality of different feature processors on a per-epoch basis based on the selected feature set extracted from the epoch. An indication of arrhythmia may be output, via an output device of the computer hardware, based on the epoch classifications.

Abstract: Systems and methods for monitoring the condition of electrodes used in biological signal measurement are provided. One method includes applying a first test signal having a first frequency to at least one of a plurality of electrodes and applying a second test signal having a second frequency to at least one of the plurality of electrodes. Both frequencies are below a frequency range associated with the biological signal. The method further includes capturing the biological signal while applying the plurality of test signals and generating an output signal that includes both the measured biological signal and the plurality of test signals. The method further includes retrieving an output amplitude for each of the plurality of test signals from the output signal and calculating an estimated impedance for each of the plurality of electrodes based on the retrieved output amplitudes of the plurality of test signals.

Abstract: Systems and methods for monitoring the condition of electrodes used in biological signal measurement are provided. One method includes applying a first test signal having a first frequency to at least one of a plurality of electrodes and applying a second test signal having a second frequency to at least one of the plurality of electrodes. Both frequencies are below a frequency range associated with the biological signal. The method further includes capturing the biological signal while applying the plurality of test signals and generating an output signal that includes both the measured biological signal and the plurality of test signals. The method further includes retrieving an output amplitude for each of the plurality of test signals from the output signal and calculating an estimated impedance for each of the plurality of electrodes based on the retrieved output amplitudes of the plurality of test signals.

Abstract: This disclosure is directed towards detecting artifacts in an ECG signal. An ECG system may include multiple sensors which can sense an ECG signal when attached to a patient. Bipolar leads connect the sensors, and provide the ECG signal from the sensors to a computing device. The computing device receives respective signals from the bipolar leads, where the respective signals are indicative of the ECG signal. The computing device identifies, based on the respective signals, a potential artifact corresponding to a subset of the plurality of bipolar leads. The computing device determines that each lead of the subset of the plurality of bipolar leads is connected to a common sensor. The computing device may use signals originating from a remainder of the bipolar leads (e.g., the bipolar leads that are not connected to the sensor(s) where the artifact is detected) to detect a condition of the patient.

Abstract: Systems and methods for measuring signals representative of muscle activity are provided. One method includes detecting an ECG signal through a plurality of electrodes. The ECG signal includes a plurality of ECG sample signals, and each ECG sample signal is a bipolar signal associated with two of the plurality of electrodes and includes a cardiac signal component and a myographic signal component. The method further includes filtering each of the ECG sample signals to remove at least a portion of the cardiac signal component and generate a combined myographic power signal for the two of the plurality of electrodes with which the ECG sample signal is associated. Each combined myographic power signal represents a myographic potential between the two electrodes. The method further includes calculating individual myographic power signals for each of the plurality of electrodes by applying the combined myographic power signals within a covariance matrix.

Abstract: Systems and methods for monitoring the condition of electrodes used in biological signal measurement are provided. One method includes applying a first test signal having a first frequency to at least one of a plurality of electrodes and applying a second test signal having a second frequency to at least one of the plurality of electrodes. Both frequencies are below a frequency range associated with the biological signal. The method further includes capturing the biological signal while applying the plurality of test signals and generating an output signal that includes both the measured biological signal and the plurality of test signals. The method further includes retrieving an output amplitude for each of the plurality of test signals from the output signal and calculating an estimated impedance for each of the plurality of electrodes based on the retrieved output amplitudes of the plurality of test signals.

Abstract: Systems and methods for monitoring the condition of electrodes used in biological signal measurement are provided. One method includes applying a first test signal having a first frequency to at least one of a plurality of electrodes and applying a second test signal having a second frequency to at least one of the plurality of electrodes. Both frequencies are below a frequency range associated with the biological signal. The method further includes capturing the biological signal while applying the plurality of test signals and generating an output signal that includes both the measured biological signal and the plurality of test signals. The method further includes retrieving an output amplitude for each of the plurality of test signals from the output signal and calculating an estimated impedance for each of the plurality of electrodes based on the retrieved output amplitudes of the plurality of test signals.

Abstract: Systems and methods for measuring signals representative of muscle activity are provided. One method includes detecting an ECG signal through a plurality of electrodes. The ECG signal includes a plurality of ECG sample signals, and each ECG sample signal is a bipolar signal associated with two of the plurality of electrodes and includes a cardiac signal component and a myographic signal component. The method further includes filtering each of the ECG sample signals to remove at least a portion of the cardiac signal component and generate a combined myographic power signal for the two of the plurality of electrodes with which the ECG sample signal is associated. Each combined myographic power signal represents a myographic potential between the two electrodes. The method further includes calculating individual myographic power signals for each of the plurality of electrodes by applying the combined myographic power signals within a covariance matrix.

Abstract: Systems and methods for measuring signals representative of muscle activity are provided. One method includes detecting an ECG signal through a plurality of electrodes. The ECG signal includes a plurality of ECG sample signals, and each ECG sample signal is a bipolar signal associated with two of the plurality of electrodes and includes a cardiac signal component and a myographic signal component. The method further includes filtering each of the ECG sample signals to remove at least a portion of the cardiac signal component and generate a combined myographic power signal for the two of the plurality of electrodes with which the ECG sample signal is associated. Each combined myographic power signal represents a myographic potential between the two electrodes. The method further includes calculating individual myographic power signals for each of the plurality of electrodes by applying the combined myographic power signals within a covariance matrix.

Abstract: Systems and methods for monitoring the condition of electrodes used in biological signal measurement are provided. One method includes applying a first test signal having a first frequency to at least one of a plurality of electrodes and applying a second test signal having a second frequency to at least one of the plurality of electrodes. Both frequencies are below a frequency range associated with the biological signal. The method further includes capturing the biological signal while applying the plurality of test signals and generating an output signal that includes both the measured biological signal and the plurality of test signals. The method further includes retrieving an output amplitude for each of the plurality of test signals from the output signal and calculating an estimated impedance for each of the plurality of electrodes based on the retrieved output amplitudes of the plurality of test signals.

Abstract: Systems and methods for monitoring the condition of electrodes used in biological signal measurement are provided. One method includes applying a first test signal having a first frequency to at least one of a plurality of electrodes and applying a second test signal having a second frequency to at least one of the plurality of electrodes. Both frequencies are below a frequency range associated with the biological signal. The method further includes capturing the biological signal while applying the plurality of test signals and generating an output signal that includes both the measured biological signal and the plurality of test signals. The method further includes retrieving an output amplitude for each of the plurality of test signals from the output signal and calculating an estimated impedance for each of the plurality of electrodes based on the retrieved output amplitudes of the plurality of test signals.

Abstract: Systems and methods for monitoring the condition of electrodes used in biological signal measurement are provided. One method includes applying a first test signal having a first frequency to at least one of a plurality of electrodes and applying a second test signal having a second frequency to at least one of the plurality of electrodes. Both frequencies are below a frequency range associated with the biological signal. The method further includes capturing the biological signal while applying the plurality of test signals and generating an output signal that includes both the measured biological signal and the plurality of test signals. The method further includes retrieving an output amplitude for each of the plurality of test signals from the output signal and calculating an estimated impedance for each of the plurality of electrodes based on the retrieved output amplitudes of the plurality of test signals.

Abstract: A method of identifying and measuring altemans in an electrocardiographic (ECG) signal representative of the electric activity of a heart of a patient. The ECG signals from the patient are divided into individual cardiac cycles and the amplitude of four segments of the repolarization portion and the depolarization portion of each cardiac cycle are measured. The amplitude for each of the repolarization segments are measured from a reference baseline that is determined by a first base segment occurring immediately prior to the repolarization portion of the present cardiac cycle and a second base segment occurring immediately before the depolarization portion of the next cardiac cycle in the sequence. Based upon the amplitude measurements over the repolarization and the depolarization portions of each cardiac cycle, digital signal processing is applied to the measurements to generate eigenvariables.

Abstract: A method of identifying and measuring alternans in an electrocardiographic (ECG) signal representative of the electric activity of a heart of a patient. The ECG signals from the patient are divided into individual cardiac cycles and the amplitude of four segments of the repolarization portion and the depolarization portion of each cardiac cycle are measured. The amplitude for each of the repolarization segments are measured from a reference baseline that is determined by a first base segment occurring immediately prior to the repolarization portion of the present cardiac cycle and a second base segment occurring immediately before the depolarization portion of the next cardiac cycle in the sequence. Based upon the amplitude measurements over the repolarization and the depolarization portions of each cardiac cycle, digital signal processing is applied to the measurements to generate eigenvariables.

Abstract: A low power pulse oximeter includes an input stage for amplifying a signal received from a light detector that is switchably connected to the power supply that powers the amplifier. The oximeter also includes an output stage with an LED driver circuit that is switchably connected to the power supply that powers the LED driver circuit. The input and output stages are switchably connected to the power supply when measurements need to be taken. When measurements do not need to be taken, they are switched off to reduce the power consumption of the oximeter.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining the oxygenation of blood. The apparatus includes a detector that is configured to sense a first signal of a first wavelength, the first signal having a first arterial blood component and a first noise component. The detector is also configured to sense a second signal of a second wavelength, the second signal having a second arterial blood component and a second noise component. The first arterial blood component is related to the second arterial blood component by an arterial blood absorption ratio and the first noise component is related to the second noise component by a noise absorption ratio. The apparatus also includes a controller that is configured to determine a value of the noise absorption ratio that maximizes the magnitude of an autocorrelation function. The controller is further configured to determine the oxygenation of blood from the noise absorption ratio.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining the oxygenation of blood. The apparatus includes a detector that is configured to sense a first signal of a first wavelength, the first signal having a first arterial blood component and a first noise component. The detector is also configured to sense a second signal of a second wavelength, the second signal having a second arterial blood component and a second noise component. The first arterial blood component is related to the second arterial blood component by an arterial blood absorption ratio and the first noise component is related to the second noise component by a noise absorption ratio. The apparatus also includes a controller that is configured to determine a value of the noise absorption ratio that maximizes the magnitude of an autocorrelation function. The controller is further configured to determine the oxygenation of blood from the noise absorption ratio.