Abstract: The present invention relates to a technique for authenticating data stored on media in order to prevent piracy. According to the present invention, a lookup table contains broken or modified modulation rules comprising one or more authentication keys or components thereof, that are derived by the table's intentional breaking of standard 8-14 and 8-16 modulation rules. The authentication keys are formed and remain hidden without being transferred in the audio/video. Additionally, the lookup table is employed using conventional hardware and/or software in CD or DVD players. Each output value according to the present invention is a function of the physical characteristics of a disc that does not travel with the audio or video or graphics data. Authentication systems of the present invention optionally encompass singular, multiple or multi-level authentication systems, each of which successively must be deciphered before the audio/video is finally available.

Abstract: An Internet or other content authorization system consists of an Internet authorization notice in the form of a flag. This flag can be embedded in each original recording at the time of manufacture, such that a primary feature of the flagging system is to prevent Internet access and unauthorized use of any original recording that does not contain an Internet authorization flag. The Internet authorization flag can be recorded on a media, such as digital audio tapes (DATs), compact discs (CDs), digital video/versatile discs (DVDs), and personal computers (PCs), or subjected to a transmission channel or network, including satellite, cable, the Internet or intranets. The Internet authorization flagging system also allows control of different kinds of authorized Internet uses that may be made, and is capable of identifying the existence and location of unauthorized Internet use.

Abstract: A method authenticates at least one of a media and data stored on said media in order to prevent at least one of piracy, unauthorized access and unauthorized copying of the data stored on said media. At least one predetermined error is introduced with the data resulting in mixed data. The mixed data is optionally stored on the media. The at least one predetermined error includes at least one authentication key or component thereof, for authenticating whether the media and/or data is authorized. The method includes the following sequential, non-sequential and/or sequence independent steps: reading the mixed data from the media, detecting the at least one predetermined error from the mixed data, and comparing the at least one predetermined error to the at least one authentication key or component thereof.

Abstract: The present invention is a method and system of marking data media products by introducing a predetermined tracing substance constituting a security marking into a polycarbonate (or polystyrene) composition during the manufacturing stages of the polycarbonate material into a data media, such as a compact disc (CD) or digital versatile disc (DVD). This marking technique is useful in tracking pirated data and/or sources, such as CDs or DVDs, to thereby prevent future pirating of data. Using mass spectrometry, specific types and/or quantities of isotopes of each tracing substance, on a structural level, are used to indicate a specific marking and product identity characteristics, such as a specific lot number, batch number, manufacturer identity, shipping date and the like. The security marking is preferably invisible to the naked eye. The security marking technique is also useful for tracking, authenticating and quality control purposes.

Abstract: A new type of gas heat engine is described that has several features similar to a gas turbine or jet engine. The engine is developed in many different configurations, each yielding different theoretical advantages and degrees of freedom. All of this family of engines have no moving components, provide heat recovery and operate over a wide range of input gas velocities. The new engines can use higher combustion temperatures and consequently have the potential for improved efficiency over current technology. There are many theoretical and practical advantages to the new concepts, which give flexibility in both engine design and operating characteristics that are difficult to embody in current turbo jets. Among the most important is the potential for a thermodynamic efficiency which exceeds that of current open cycle gas heat engines at a given pressure ratio. A new term in the equation of the Enthalpy of a gas is described, which could be exploited in yet other variants of the engine.

Abstract: A method authenticates at least one of a media and data stored on said media in order to prevent at least one of piracy, unauthorized access and unauthorized copying of the data stored on said media. At least one predetermined error is introduced with the data resulting in mixed data. The mixed data is optionally stored on the media. The at least one predetermined error includes at least one authentication key or component thereof, for authenticating whether the media and/or data is authorized. The method includes the following sequential, non-sequential and/or sequence independent steps: reading the mixed data from the media, detecting the at least one predetermined error from the mixed data, and comparing the at least one predetermined error to the at least one authentication key or component thereof.

Abstract: An improved embedded signaling apparatus and method of embedding data into audio signals occurring at substantially zero decibel levels is disclosed. Embedding is accomplished at such low inaudible levels by modifying an embedded signaling encoder with a dither generator, dither adder and dither subtracter that generates, adds and subtracts dither signals, of equal magnitude, to audio signals at specified bit rates. Because the dither signal is used substantially within the encoder and is substantially canceled before final output, the dither signal provides an additional signal level, depth or dimension in the absence of audio data. Thus, whenever music or other audio data that will ultimately become audible reaches a very low decibel level, such as during periods of silence on a CD, the effectiveness of embedding data into such low level signals is not impaired. The embedded signaling encoder of the present invention can also be used for authentication purposes.

Abstract: The present invention is a method and system of marking data media products by introducing a predetermined tracing substance constituting a security marking into a polycarbonate (or polystyrene) composition during the manufacturing stages of the polycarbonate material into a data media, such as a compact disc (CD) or digital versatile disc (DVD). This marking technique is useful in tracking pirated data and/or sources, such as CDs or DVDs, to thereby prevent future pirating of data. Using mass spectrometry, specific types and/or quantities of isotopes of each tracing substance, on a structural level, are used to indicate a specific marking and product identity characteristics, such as a specific lot number, batch number, manufacturer identity, shipping date and the like. The security marking is preferably invisible to the naked eye. The security marking technique is also useful for tracking, authenticating and quality control purposes.

Abstract: The present invention is a method and system of marking data media products by introducing a predetermined tracing substance constituting a security marking into a polycarbonate (or polystyrene) composition during the manufacturing stages of the polycarbonate material into a data media, such as a compact disc (CD) or digital versatile disc (DVD). This marking technique is useful in tracking pirated data and/or sources, such as CDs or DVDs, to thereby prevent future pirating of data. Using mass spectrometry, specific types and/or quantities of isotopes of each tracing substance, on a structural level, are used to indicate a specific marking and product identity characteristics, such as a specific lot number, batch number, manufacturer identity, shipping date and the like. The security marking is preferably invisible to the naked eye. The security marking technique is also useful for tracking, authenticating and quality control purposes.

Abstract: An Internet or other content authorization system consists of an Internet authorization notice in the form of a flag. This flag can be embedded in each original recording at the time of manufacture, such that a primary feature of the flagging system is to prevent Internet access and unauthorized use of any original recording that does not contain an Internet authorization flag. The Internet authorization flag can be recorded on a media, such as digital audio tapes (DATs), compact discs (CDs), digital video/versatile discs (DVDs), and personal computers (PCs), or subjected to a transmission channel or network, including satellite, cable, the Internet or intranets. The Internet authorization flagging system also allows control of different kinds of authorized Internet uses that may be made, and is capable of identifying the existence and location of unauthorized Internet use.

Abstract: An Internet or other content authorization system consists of an Internet authorization notice in the form of a flag. This flag can be embedded in each original recording at the time of manufacture, such that a primary feature of the flagging system is to prevent Internet access and unauthorized use of any original recording that does not contain an Internet authorization flag. The Internet authorization flag can be recorded on a media, such as digital audio tapes (DATs), compact discs (CDs), digital video/versatile discs (DVDs), and personal computers (PCs), or subjected to a transmission channel or network, including satellite, cable, the Internet or intranets. The Internet authorization flagging system also allows control of different kinds of authorized Internet uses that may be made, and is capable of identifying the existence and location of unauthorized Internet use.

Abstract: A method authenticates at least one of a media and data stored on said media in order to prevent at least one of piracy, unauthorized access and unauthorized copying of the data stored on said media. At least one predetermined error is introduced with the data resulting in mixed data. The mixed data is optionally stored on the media. The at least one predetermined error includes at least one authentication key or component thereof, for authenticating whether the media and/or data is authorized. The method includes the following sequential, non-sequential and/or sequence independent steps: reading the mixed data from the media, detecting the at least one predetermined error from the mixed data, and comparing the at least one predetermined error to the at least one authentication key or component thereof.

Abstract: A method authenticates at least one of a media and data stored on the media in order to prevent at least one of piracy, unauthorized access and unauthorized copying of the data stored on the media. At least one predetermined error is introduced with the data resulting in mixed data. The mixed data is optionally stored on the media. The at least one predetermined error includes at least one authentication key or component thereof, for authenticating whether the media and/or data is authorized. The method includes the following sequential, non-sequential and/or sequence independent steps: reading the mixed data from the media, detecting the at least one predetermined error from the mixed data, and comparing the at least one predetermined error to the at least one authentication key or component thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and system for authenticating a media and/or the data stored on the media in order to prevent piracy and/or unauthorized access and/or unauthorized copying of the data stored on the media, including CDs and DVDs. According to the present invention, there are three ways that authentication keys can be formed and remain hidden without being transferred in the audio/video. These three methods are employed using conventional hardware and/or software in CD or DVD players, which may optionally be modified. Each method of producing authentication keys according to the present invention is a function of the physical characteristics of a disc that does not normally travel with the audio or video or graphics data.

Abstract: An Internet or other content authorization system consists of an Internet authorization notice in the form of a flag. This flag can be embedded in each original recording at the time of manufacture, such that a primary feature of the flagging system is to prevent Internet access and unauthorized use of any original recording that does not contain an Internet authorization flag. The Internet authorization flag can be recorded on a media, such as digital audio tapes (DATs), compact discs (CDs), digital video/versatile discs (DVDs), and personal computers (PCs), or subjected to a transmission channel or network, including satellite, cable, the Internet or intranets. The Internet authorization flagging system also allows control of different kinds of authorized Internet uses that may be made, and is capable of identifying the existence and location of unauthorized Internet use.

Abstract: An Internet or other content authorization system consists of an Internet authorization notice in the form of a flag. This flag can be embedded in each original recording at the time of manufacture, such that a primary feature of the flagging system is to prevent Internet access and unauthorized use of any original recording that does not contain an Internet authorization flag. The Internet authorization flag can be recorded on a media, such as digital audio tapes (DATs), compact discs (CDs), digital video/versatile discs (DVDs), and personal computers (PCs), or subjected to a transmission channel or network, including satellite, cable, the Internet or intranets. The Internet authorization flagging system also allows control of different kinds of authorized Internet uses that may be made, and is capable of identifying the existence and location of unauthorized Internet use.

Abstract: The present invention is a method and system of marking data media products by introducing a predetermined tracing substance constituting a security marking into a polycarbonate (or polystyrene) composition during the manufacturing stages of the polycarbonate material into a data media, such as a compact disc (CD) or digital versatile disc (DVD). This marking technique is useful in tracking pirated data and/or sources, such as CDs or DVDs, to thereby prevent future pirating of data. Using mass spectrometry, specific types and/or quantities of isotopes of each tracing substance, on a structural level, are used to indicate a specific marking and product identity characteristics, such as a specific lot number, batch number, manufacturer identity, shipping date and the like. The security marking is preferably invisible to the naked eye. The security marking technique is also useful for tracking, authenticating and quality control purposes.

Abstract: The present invention is a method and system of marking data media products by introducing a predetermined tracing substance constituting a security marking into a polycarbonate (or polystyrene) composition during the manufacturing stages of the polycarbonate material into a data media, such as a compact disc (CD) or digital versatile disc (DVD). This marking technique is useful in tracking pirated data and/or sources, such as CDs or DVDs, to thereby prevent future pirating of data. Using mass spectrometry, specific types and/or quantities of isotopes of each tracing substance, on a structural level, are used to indicate a specific marking and product identity characteristics, such as a specific lot number, batch number, manufacturer identity, shipping date and the like. The security marking is preferably invisible to the naked eye. The security marking technique is also useful for tracking, authenticating and quality control purposes.

Abstract: The present invention is a method and system of marking data media products by introducing a predetermined tracing substance constituting a security marking into a polycarbonate (or polystyrene) composition during the manufacturing stages of the polycarbonate material into a data media, such as a compact disc (CD) or digital versatile disc (DVD). This marking technique is useful in tracking pirated data and/or sources, such as CDs or DVDs, to thereby prevent future pirating of data. Using mass spectrometry, specific types and/or quantities of isotopes of each tracing substance, on a structural level, are used to indicate a specific marking and product identity characteristics, such as a specific lot number, batch number, manufacturer identity, shipping date and the like. The security marking is preferably invisible to the naked eye. The security marking technique is also useful for tracking, authenticating and quality control purposes.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for recording information from a master medium onto a slave medium. In one embodiment, digital information on a master medium is reproduced and stored at a first rate, typically at real time, in a first high speed digital storage device such as a magnetic disk drive. The digital information stored in the first storage device, when needed, is transferred at a second rate, much higher than the first, to a second digital storage device in which it is stored until it is scheduled for duplication, at which time the digital information is repeatedly played back at a third rate, much higher than the first rate and slower than the second rate, is converted from digital information into analog information and applied to a duplicating device for recording the analog information onto a slave medium.