Abstract: Systems, devices, and methods for electrolysis at very large scale (e.g., exceeding 100 megawatts (MW), and at gigawatt (GW) scale having a solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC) system including one or more SOEC columns, and one or more heat exchangers, each of the heat exchangers configured to receive input stream that is used to heat respective SOEC columns, wherein each of the heat exchangers is located along respective SOEC columns such that the input steam exiting the heat exchanger is directed towards adjacent SOEC columns.

Abstract: An electrolyzer system includes first hotbox containing a stack of electrolyzer cells configured to electrolyze steam into a hydrogen product, a first steam conduit configured to provide the steam to the first hotbox, and a first flow restrictor containing at least one aperture located on the first steam conduit.

Abstract: A method of operating an electrolyzer system includes providing steam and an air inlet stream to a stack of electrolyzer cells, electrolyzing the steam into a hydrogen product stream and an oxygen exhaust stream, and controlling a pressure of the oxygen exhaust stream to maintain a pressure differential between a fuel side and an air side of each of the electrolyzer cells in the stack to be less than 1 psig.

Abstract: An electrolyzer system includes stacks of electrolyzer cells configured receive steam and air, and output a hydrogen product stream and an oxygen exhaust stream, and a first heat pump configured to extract heat from the oxygen exhaust stream to generate a first portion of the steam provided to the stacks.

Abstract: A method of operating an electrolyzer cell system includes providing a steam inlet stream to a stack of electrolyzer cells, generating a main product stream containing hydrogen and steam, and an oxygen exhaust stream in the stack, and providing liquid water into the main product stream to cool the main product stream.

Abstract: A method of operating an electrolyzer system includes providing steam to a stack of electrolyzer cells through a steam filter, electrolyzing the steam into a hydrogen product in the stack of electrolyzer cells, receiving data from one or more sensors indicating that the filter requires cleaning or replacement, and cleaning or replacing the steam filter in response to the receiving the data from the one or more sensors indicating that the steam filter requires cleaning or replacement.

Abstract: A method of operating a fuel cell system includes vaporizing a liquid fuel in a vaporizer located in a hot box using heat generated by the fuel cell system to form a fuel vapor, and providing the fuel vapor to a stack of fuel cells located in the hot box to generate power.

Abstract: An electrolyzer system includes stacks of electrolyzer cells configured receive steam and air, and output a hydrogen product stream and an oxygen exhaust stream, and a first heat pump configured to extract heat from the oxygen exhaust stream to generate a first portion of the steam provided to the stacks.

Abstract: A fuel cell system includes a hotbox, a stack of fuel cells located in the hotbox and configured to generate power and an anode exhaust, an anode tail gas oxidizer (ATO) located in the hotbox and configured to oxidize a portion of the anode exhaust, a recycling conduit located outside of the hotbox and configured to receive the anode exhaust output from the hotbox, a fuel conduit assembly configured to provide fuel to the stack, and an ATO conduit assembly concentrically surrounding the fuel conduit assembly and configured to receive a first portion of the anode exhaust diverted from the recycling conduit and to provide the first portion of the anode exhaust to the ATO.

Abstract: A method for operating a fuel cell system is provided. The method includes controlling the provision of fuel to the fuel cell system operating in a steady-state mode. A catalyst sensor is operated by providing a portion of the fuel and anode exhaust generated by the system to the catalyst sensor. Further, a change in an outlet temperature of the catalyst sensor is detected. Thereafter, it is determined whether a reformation catalyst of the catalyst sensor is poisoned by contaminants in the fuel based on the detected change in the outlet temperature.

Abstract: A method of operating a fuel cell system includes providing an anode exhaust from a stack of fuel cells to an anode exhaust cooler, providing an air inlet stream to the anode exhaust cooler, heating the air inlet stream in the anode exhaust cooler using heat extracted from the anode exhaust, providing at least a portion of the air inlet stream from the anode exhaust cooler to the stack, and controlling a ratio of a mass flow rate of the air inlet stream through the anode exhaust cooler to the mass flow rate of the air inlet stream through the stack based on ambient temperature.

Abstract: A fuel cell system and method for using a peak shaving gas, the system including: a fuel inlet configured to receive fuel from a fuel source; a catalytic partial oxidation (CPOx) reactor configured to at least partially oxidize the fuel during startup of the system; a blower configured to provide air to the CPOx reactor; a gas analyzer configured to determine a composition of fuel provided to the CPOx reactor from the fuel inlet; an oxidation catalyst configured to reduce an O2 content of fuel received from the CPOx reactor; a reforming catalyst configured to partially reform fuel received from the oxidation catalyst; and a stack of fuel cells configured to generate electricity using fuel received from the reforming catalyst.

Abstract: A method of operating a fuel cell system includes vaporizing a liquid fuel in a vaporizer located in a hot box using heat generated by the fuel cell system to form a fuel vapor, and providing the fuel vapor to a stack of fuel cells located in the hot box to generate power.

Abstract: A method for operating a fuel cell system is provided. The method includes controlling a provision of fuel to the fuel cell system operating in a steady-state mode. The catalyst sensor is operated by providing a portion of the fuel and anode exhaust generated by the system to the catalyst sensor. Further, a change in an outlet temperature of the catalyst sensor is detected. Thereafter, it is determined whether a reformation catalyst of the catalyst sensor is poisoned by contaminants in the fuel based on the detected change in the outlet temperature.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell system includes a stack of electrochemical cells, and a fluid ejector configured to mix a first fluid stream and a second fluid stream to form a mixed fluid stream that is provided to the stack. The fluid ejector includes a suction chamber having a secondary inlet configured to receive the second fluid stream, an inlet nozzle configured to inject the first fluid stream into the suction chamber, a mixing chamber fluidly connected to the suction chamber and configured to mix the first fluid stream and the second fluid stream to form the mixed fluid stream, and a diffusion chamber fluidly connected to the mixing chamber and having an outlet that is fluidly connected to the stack.

Abstract: A fuel cell system and method, the system including a hotbox, a fuel cell stack disposed in the hotbox, an anode tail gas oxidizer (ATO) disposed in the hotbox, and a fuel exhaust processor fluidly connected to the hotbox. The fuel exhaust processor includes a first hydrogen pump configured to extract hydrogen from the anode exhaust received from the fuel cell stack and to output the hydrogen to a first hydrogen stream provided to the fuel cell stack, a second hydrogen pump configured to extract hydrogen from anode exhaust output from the first hydrogen pump and to output the hydrogen to the first hydrogen stream, and a third hydrogen pump configured to extract hydrogen from anode exhaust output from the second hydrogen pump and to output the hydrogen to a second hydrogen stream provided to the ATO.

Abstract: A method of operating an electrolyzer module includes providing a first air stream and steam into a stack of electrolyzer cells located in a hotbox and outputting a product stream containing hydrogen and steam, and an oxygen exhaust stream, providing the product stream to an internal product cooler (IPC) heat exchanger located in the hotbox to reduce the temperature of the product stream by transferring heat to the first air stream, and providing the product stream from the IPC to an external product cooler (EPC) heat exchanger located outside of the hotbox and inside of a cabinet housing the hotbox to further reduce the temperature of the product stream by transferring heat to a fluid stream.

Abstract: A method of operating an electrolyzer module includes providing a first air stream and steam into a stack of electrolyzer cells located in a hotbox and outputting a product stream containing hydrogen and steam, and an oxygen exhaust stream, providing the product stream to an internal product cooler (IPC) heat exchanger located in the hotbox to reduce the temperature of the product stream by transferring heat to the first air stream, and providing the product stream from the IPC to an external product cooler (EPC) heat exchanger located outside of the hotbox and inside of a cabinet housing the hotbox to further reduce the temperature of the product stream by transferring heat to a fluid stream.

Abstract: An electrolyzer system includes a steam generator configured to generate steam, a stack of solid oxide electrolyzer cells configured to generate a hydrogen stream using the steam received from the steam generator, and a water preheater configured to preheat water provided to the steam generator using heat extracted from oxygen exhaust output from the stack.

Abstract: An electrolyzer system includes stacks of electrolyzer cells configured receive steam and air, and output a hydrogen product stream and an oxygen exhaust stream, and a first heat pump configured to extract heat from the oxygen exhaust stream to generate a first portion of the steam provided to the stacks.