Abstract: A public-key encryption system. Encryption of a k-bit plaintext m is performed by picking a random generating ciphertext and outputting the ciphertext. N is a non-prime integer (preferably the product of two primes p and q), y is an element in multiplicative group of integers modulo N, and k is an integer larger than 1, Decryption of ciphertext c using private key is performed by recovering such that holds and outputting plaintext m, wherein denotes the 2k-th power residue symbol modulo p, which is defined. Also provided are an encryption device and a decryption device. The encryption scheme provides better bandwidth than the Goldwasser-Micali encryption scheme.

Abstract: During log-on of a user to an entity protected by a password, the password is verified by iteratively receiving a password character; and verifying that the received character complies with a predefined property (?) that sets at least one requirement for allowable passwords. If this is not the case, then this can indicate a brute force attack and appropriate action may be taken. The property ? may be dependent on the user. Also provided are a corresponding device and a computer program product.

Abstract: Collaborative execution by a first device and a second device of a software application comprising at least one encrypted instruction. The first device obtains a first encrypted instruction; generates a session key; encrypts the first encrypted instruction; encrypts the session key using a symmetric algorithm and a first key; and transfers the encrypted first encrypted instruction and the encrypted session key to the second device. The second device decrypts the encrypted session key using the first key; decrypts the encrypted first encrypted instruction to obtain the first encrypted instruction; decrypts the first encrypted instruction using a third key to obtain an instruction; encrypts the instruction using the symmetric encryption algorithm and the session key to obtain a second encrypted instruction; and transfers the second encrypted instruction to the first device. The first device decrypts the second encrypted instruction using the session key to obtain the instruction; and executes the instruction.

Abstract: A device and a method for graphical passwords. A device displays an initial image comprising a plurality of graphical elements, each graphical element having at least two variants; receives user input to select a variant of a number of the graphical elements, thereby generating a modified image; and generates the secret value from at least the selected variants of the graphical elements. The graphical elements are advantageously seamlessly integrated in the images, thereby making the system resistant to shoulder surfing attacks.

Abstract: A public-key encryption system. Encryption of a k-bit plaintext m is performed by picking a random generating ciphertext and outputting the ciphertext. N is a non-prime integer (preferably the product of two primes p and q), y is an element in multiplicative group of integers modulo N, and k is an integer larger than 1, Decryption of ciphertext c using private key is performed by recovering such that holds and outputting plaintext m, wherein denotes the 2k-th power residue symbol modulo p, which is defined. Also provided are an encryption device and a decryption device. The encryption scheme provides better bandwidth than the Goldwasser-Micali encryption scheme.

Abstract: During log-on of a user to an entity protected by a password, the password is verified by iteratively receiving a password character; and verifying that the received character complies with a predefined property (?) that sets at least one requirement for allowable passwords. If this is not the case, then this can indicate a brute force attack and appropriate action may be taken. The property ? may be dependent on the user. Also provided are a corresponding device and a computer program product.

Abstract: A device and a method for graphical passwords. A device displays an initial image comprising a plurality of graphical elements, each graphical element having at least two variants; receives user input to select a variant of a number of the graphical elements, thereby generating a modified image; and generates the secret value from at least the selected variants of the graphical elements. The graphical elements are advantageously seamlessly integrated in the images, thereby making the system resistant to shoulder surfing attacks.