Abstract: Systems and methods for comparing one database structure to another to identify differences between the two. In one embodiment, tree structures corresponding to each database are generated. The tree structures have nodes corresponding to objects in the databases. Each node has an individual check value based on the node attributes and a cumulative check value based on the attributes of the node and its sub-nodes. Beginning with the uppermost nodes of each tree, the check values are compared to identify differences in the check values, hence the node/tree attributes. If the cumulative check values match, the sub-nodes match and do not need to be compared directly. Only the portions of the tree structures that do not have matching check values are traversed. If individual check values do not match, the attributes of the corresponding nodes are compared to determine the exact differences.

Abstract: A unit for packaging and palletizing rolls of toilet paper and/or kitchen towel comprising a bagging and/or forming machine (20), suitable to sort several packages containing a plurality of rolls, called loose packages (11) into batches (12), and optionally to bag said sorted loose packages (11) in a bag (13), and a palletizing station (30) with at least one robot (31) provided with grippers to handle batches (12) of sorted products composed of loose packages (11) or of a bag (13), wherein the batches (12) delivered from the bagging and/or forming machine (20) are conveyed to the palletizing station (30) with a predetermined stepped sequence and spaced from one another in at least one row on a conveyer element (21), wherein the robot (31) and the bagging machine (20) are electronically interconnected and are programmed respectively to sort and handle the products in batches (12), loose packages (11) or bags (13), of different forms and dimensions according to a sequence, continuously variable in a predetermin