Abstract: A field-emission type electron source includes (i) a single-crystal tungsten rod having a sharpened terminus and (ii) a mass of ZrO formed only on a portion of the surface, or the entire surface, of the sharpened terminus. In preferred design, the single-crystal tungsten rod is placed in a gaseous medium that consists of oxygen and a non-oxygen gas. The molar ratio between oxygen and the non-oxygen gas is greater than 1:1.

Abstract: A method for setting approval roles at workflow approval nodes based on form fields is disclosed in the present invention, including: setting a system organization structure; and selecting one of a role attribute field, a department attribute field or a submission role of the approval process in a form as a level subject; after selecting the level subject, determining a level by using the selected subject as a judgment criterion; and filling in a specific level value. In the present invention, according to requirements, the role attribute field, the department attribute field or the submission role involved in the form may be used as a criterion for determining a department level. If a signing role in a contract form is selected as a level subject, the signing role (rather than a submission role by default all the time) is used as a criterion for determining a level, so as to determine an approval role of an approval node. The method is more flexible and convenient in use, and high in universality.

Abstract: A field-emission type electron source includes (i) a single-crystal tungsten rod having a sharpened terminus and (ii) a mass of ZrO formed only on a portion of the surface, or the entire surface, of the sharpened terminus. In preferred design, the single-crystal tungsten rod is placed in a gaseous medium that consists of oxygen and a non-oxygen gas. The molar ratio between oxygen and the non-oxygen gas is greater than 1:1.

Abstract: Disclosed in the present invention is a method for authorizing an authorization operator in a system, comprising: a system operator selects one or more authorization operators, configuring one or more grantees for each authorization operator; respectively configuring, by each authorization operator, a permission for each grantee requiring permission configuration among all the grantees corresponding to the authorization operator; and executing, by said grantee, a corresponding operation according to the configured permission. According to the present invention, a plurality of the authorization operators may be configured, and each grantee may be authorized by the corresponding authorization operator having a clear understanding of the permission of the grantee, so that an error will not easily occur in an authorization operation.

Abstract: A method for authorizing a field value of a form field by means of a third-party field is provided. The method includes selecting one or more grantees; selecting a form to be authorized, and displaying fields which need control authorization of the permission to view field values by means of third-party fields; selecting one or more third-party fields for each field respectively, where the third-party field includes one or more options; and authorizing a viewing permission of a field value of an authorized field of form data corresponding to each option of each third-party field respectively.

Abstract: A method for authorizing an approval process and approval node thereof for a user is provided. The method for authorizing an approval process a user comprises: selecting a user in a system; displaying all approval processes in the system, and displaying current usage permission states of the selected user with respect to the approval processes; and authorizing usage permissions of the approval processes to the selected user. All of the approval processes or all approval nodes in the system are displayed after the user is selected, without omitting any approval process or any approval node, thereby facilitating quick authorization of related permissions to the user.

Abstract: A method for a user/an employee in a system to acquire an email account is disclosed in the present invention, including: relating a role-nature email account to a role according to work content of the role in the system, wherein during the same period, one role can only be related to one role-nature email account, and one role-nature email account can only be related to one role; said role is an independent individual not a group/a class, and during the same period, one role can only be related to a unique user, while one user is related to one or more roles; and creating a relation between a user and a role, wherein for any user, a role-nature email accounts related to all roles related to said user are used as role-nature email accounts of the user and/or an employee corresponding to the user.

Abstract: A method for authorizing operation permissions of form data is disclosed in the present invention, including a step of selecting form data, where one or more pieces of form data, operation permissions of which need to be authorized are selected; a step of selecting a grantee, where one or more grantees to which operation permissions need to be authorized are selected; and a step of authorizing operation permissions, where the operation permissions of the selected form data are authorized to the selected grantee.

Abstract: An authorization method based on form data gotten by a role is disclosed in the present invention, including: selecting one or more grantees; selecting a form, and displaying an authorized field used for searching form data; displaying all roles in a system, defining a role that needs to be used for searching form data as a target role, and selecting a target object for each target role respectively, where the target object is a current object, a historical object, or all objects; defining a target role and a user or an employee in its target object as a limited value; for each target role of each authorized field, respectively getting a set of form data, any limited value of the target role of which is included by a field value of the authorized field in the form, and authorizing an operation permission to the set.

Abstract: A method for setting a permission to view an operation record based on a time range is disclosed in the present invention, including: selecting a grantee; setting one or more viewed objects for each grantee, wherein said grantee and said viewed object are the same type as a role, a user, and an employee; and setting a viewing-permission time range for each grantee, wherein said grantee obtains the permission to view the operation records of its corresponding viewed object within the viewing-permission time range of the grantee.

Abstract: A method for setting an operation time range of mailbox content and instant messaging content in a system is disclosed in the present invention, wherein a method for setting an operation time of mailbox content includes: selecting a role, a user or an employee as a mailbox user; setting a permission time range for each mailbox user, wherein said permission time range includes one or more of the following types: a time range from a time point, which is determined by going backwards from a current time for a fixed time length, to the current time, a time range from a start time to a current time, a time range from a deadline to a system initial time, and a time range from a start time to a deadline; and the content within the permission time range of the mailbox user in a mailbox account used by the mailbox user being operated by said mailbox user.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for surface-modifying titanium alloy, comprising the following steps: carburizing titanium alloy in solid carburizing agent A and solid carburizing agent B, and then performing gas co-infiltration to realize surface modification treatment of titanium alloy; the solid carburizing agent A includes raw materials of charcoal powder a, barium carbonate, calcium carbonate, barium acetate, urea and cerium carbonate, and the solid carburizing agent B includes raw materials of charcoal powder b, barium carbonate, calcium carbonate and cerium carbonate; and the gases used in the gas co-infiltration are ammonia, air and acetylene.

Abstract: A method for authorizing operation permissions of form-field values is disclosed in the present invention, including a step of authorizing operation permissions of form-field values and a step of selecting a grantee; the step of authorizing operation permissions of form-field values includes: S1: selecting a form to be authorized, and displaying fields in the form that need operation permission control; and S2: authorizing the operation permissions to each value of the fields respectively, where the grantee is one or more roles, the role is an independent individual rather than a group or class, one role can only be related to a unique user during the same period, and one user is related to one or more roles. The present invention can achieve respective authorization for the operation permissions of form-field values, and improves the fineness of system management. In this method, multiple authorized roles can be selected at the same time to batch authorization, thus improving the authorization efficiency.

Abstract: A method for authorizing form related information is provided including: selecting one or more grantees; selecting a form, and displaying candidate related information of said form, wherein when there is one grantee, items selected and saved in the candidate related information when the grantee is authorized last time are automatically shown as being selected, and modifying authorization or selecting a corresponding item from said candidate related information for authorization; when there are two or more grantees, no item is shown as being selected, selecting and authorizing a corresponding item from said candidate related information; and after authorizing the related information of the form to the selected one or more grantees, saving the authorization of the related information of the selected form.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for authorizing operation permissions of statistical list, comprising a statistical list operation permission authorization step and a step to select an authorized object; said statistical list operation permission authorization step comprises the following steps: S1: selecting a statistical list that needs to be authorized, and displaying the names of columns in the statistical list that require operation permission control; S2: separately authorizing operation permission for each column; in the step to select an authorized object, selecting one or a plurality of authorized objects. The present invention can achieve separate authorization of the operation permissions of each column in a statistical list, increasing the range of applications of the statistical list, improving the fineness of system management, and truly meeting the requirements of usage during actual operation of enterprises and institutions.

Abstract: A method for setting permissions of a user in a system in an information exchange unit is disclosed in the present invention, including: setting multiple information sections for the information exchange unit; setting participation roles for each information section respectively, wherein the participation role includes one or more roles in the system; and setting permissions of each of the participation roles in the information section, wherein each role is an independent individual not a group/a class, one role can only be related to a unique user during the same period, and one user is related to one or more roles; and creating relations between users and roles in the system. According to the present invention, when an employee changes his/her work content or is transferred from a post, permissions of the employee in an information section of the information exchange unit do not have to be set separately.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a workflow control method and system based on a one-to-one correspondence between roles and users, including: building a three-layer structure model of user-role-permission, wherein each role is an independent individual, one role can only be related to a unique user during the same period, and one user is related to one or more roles; using the three-layer structure model to control a workflow, selecting an approval role, and authorizing the approval role; and determining, according to a user's related role, an approval task to be processed, and performing an approval operation with the permission of the related role. In the present invention, the subject of the approval operation in the workflow is the role.

Abstract: A method for authorizing a permission to operate content in a mailbox account or an instant messaging account in a system is disclosed in the present invention. The method for authorizing a permission to operate content in a mailbox account in a system includes: selecting one or more grantees; selecting one or more operated mailbox accounts; setting a permission time range, wherein said permission time range includes one or more of the following four types: a time range from a time point, which is determined by going backwards from a current time for a fixed time length, to the current time, a time range from a start time to a current time, a time range from a deadline to a system initial time, and a time range from a start time to a deadline; and setting a permission for said grantee to operate content within the permission time range in the operated mailbox account.

Abstract: Disclosed is a column value-based separate authorization method for statistical list operations, said method comprising a step of authorizing a statistical list operation and a step of selecting a grantee, said step of authorizing a statistical list operation comprising the following steps: S1: selecting a statistical list needing authorization; S2: selecting a column needing authorization in the statistical list, the selected column being a column determined by selection or determined automatically; S3: authorizing the operation for statistical data corresponding to all the column values in the selected column. The present invention enables separate authorization of the operation permissions for the statistical data in the statistical list according to the column values; one statistical list can meet different actual usage requirements after the authorization of different statistical data operation permissions.

Abstract: A method for presetting contacts of an instant messaging account and presetting an address book according to a messaging relationship between roles is provided. The method includes creating roles in a system, and during the same period, one role can only be related to a unique user, while one user is related to one or more roles; one user corresponds to one employee, and one employee corresponds to one user; establishing a relation between a user/an employee and an instant messaging account, wherein one user/employee is related to one instant messaging account, and one instant messaging account is related to one user/employee; and setting a messaging relationship between a messaging role and a messaged role according to the work content of the roles in the system.