Abstract: A method (1) is described for training a machine learning model (2) to receive as input a time-resolved three-dimensional model (4) of a heart or a portion of a heart, and to output (3) a predicted time-to-event or a measure of risk for an adverse cardiac event. The method includes receiving a training set (5). The training set (5) includes a number of time-resolved three-dimensional models (41, . . . , 4N) of a heart or a portion of a heart. The training set (5) also includes, for each time-resolved three-dimensional model (41, . . . , 4N), corresponding outcome data (71, . . . , 7N) associated with the time-resolved three-dimensional model (41, . . . , 4N). The method (1) of training a machine learning model (2) also includes, using the training set (5) as input, training the machine learning model (2) to recognise latent representations (12) of cardiac motion which are predictive of an adverse cardiac event.

Abstract: A back-up quantity of a “first” gas is supplied temporarily to maintain the level of production of the first gas from a cryogenic separation of a gaseous mixture comprising the first gas and at least one other gas in the event of reduction in the level of production of said first gas from the separation. In the event of reduction in the level of production of said first gas from the separation, liquefied first gas inventory is withdrawn from the or at least one of said cryogenic distillation systems and vaporised to produce said back-up quantity of first gas. The invention has particular application to the production of gaseous oxygen (“GOX”) from the separation of air.

Abstract: A back-up quantity of a “first” gas is supplied temporarily to maintain the level of production of the first gas from a cryogenic separation of a gaseous mixture comprising the first gas and at least one other gas in the event of reduction in the level of production of said first gas from the separation. In the event of reduction in the level of production of said first gas from the separation, liquefied first gas inventory is withdrawn from the or at least one of said cryogenic distillation systems and vaporised to produce said back-up quantity of first gas. The invention has particular application to the production of gaseous oxygen (“GOX”) from the separation of air.

Abstract: Oxygen-containing gas comprising no more than about 50 mol % oxygen is fed (150) to an auxiliary separation column (40) in a multiple column cryogenic air distillation system comprising at least a higher pressure (“HP”) column (10) and a lower pressure (“LP”) column (30) for separation into nitrogen-rich overhead vapor and oxygen-rich liquid. Oxygen-rich liquid is fed (154) from the auxiliary column (40) to an intermediate location in the LP column (30). The auxiliary column (40) is refluxed with a liquid stream from or derived from the HP column (10). One advantage of the invention is that the diameter of the upper sections (II, III) of the LP column (30) need no longer be larger than the diameter of the rest of the column system thereby increasing the capacity of the column system (under the constraint of a defined maximum column section diameter).

Abstract: Oxygen-containing gas comprising no more than about 50 mol % oxygen is fed (150) to an auxiliary separation column (40) in a multiple column cryogenic air distillation system comprising at least a higher pressure (“HP”) column (10) and a lower pressure (“LP”) column (30) for separation into nitrogen-rich overhead vapor and oxygen-rich liquid. Oxygen-rich liquid is fed (154) from the auxiliary column (40) to an intermediate location in the LP column (30). The auxiliary column (40) is refluxed with a liquid stream from or derived from the HP column (10). One advantage of the invention is that the diameter of the upper sections (II, III) of the LP column (30) need no longer be larger than the diameter of the rest of the column system thereby increasing the capacity of the column system (under the constraint of a defined maximum column section diameter).

Abstract: A process of liquefying gas to produce a liquid cryogen comprising compressing a gas stream using a compressor, work expanding the compressed gas stream using at least one expansion turbine to produce an expanded gas stream together with power, mechanically transferring the power generated by the expansion turbine(s) to drive the compressor, using the expanded gas stream to provide refrigeration duty for liquefaction, and recycling the cooled expanded compressed gas stream to the compressor.

Abstract: High pressure gaseous oxygen is obtained safely and without compression by heating pumped liquid oxygen in a printed circuit type heat exchanger having layers of transversely extending laterally spaced channels with each layer being in thermal contact with at least one other layer. Oxygen is vaporized in channels of oxygen-layers against heat exchange fluid passing through channels of heat exchange layers. The walls of the oxygen layer channels are formed of ferrous alloy and have a cross-section, in a plane perpendicular to the direction of flow, having a thickness at its narrowest of at least about 10%, and on average at least about 15%, of the combined hydraulic mean diameters of the adjacent channels, and the ratio of cross-sectional area, in said plane, of the walls to the cross-sectional area of the channels is no less than about 0.7.

Abstract: High pressure gaseous oxygen is obtained safely and without compression by heating pumped liquid oxygen in a printed circuit type heat exchanger having layers of transversely extending laterally spaced channels with each layer being in thermal contact with at least one other layer. Oxygen is vaporized in channels of oxygen-layers against heat exchange fluid passing through channels of heat exchange layers. The walls of the oxygen layer channels are formed of ferrous alloy and have a cross-section, in a plane perpendicular to the direction of flow, having a thickness at its narrowest of at least about 10%, and on average at least about 15%, of the combined hydraulic mean diameters of the adjacent channels, and the ratio of cross-sectional area, in said plane, of the walls to the cross-sectional area of the channels is no less than about 0.7.

Abstract: A process and system for controlling a cryogenic air separation unit during rapid changes in production. During operation of an air separation unit, demands for oxygen will vary and the pressure of the feed air will fluctuate. The changes in oxygen demand and feed air pressure translate into a ramping, either up or down, of the distillation system pressure in the air separation unit. Because the product streams have tight purity requirements, the ramping system pressure (which could adversely affect product purity) is compensated for. This compensation is by way of a net transfer of refrigeration, in the form of liquid nitrogen, into and out of the distillation system. This transfer of refrigeration is implemented using a storage vessel of liquid nitrogen connected to the reflux path of the distillation system. Liquid nitrogen via the reflux path is removed and stored or added to the distillation system to decrease or increase the refrigeration, respectively.