Abstract: A database system includes an interface and a processor. The interface is configured to receive a transaction request comprising one or more transaction blocks in an order. The processor is configured to evaluate each transaction block of the one or more transaction blocks in the order by: determining in the order whether a condition expression of a transaction block of the one or more transaction blocks is true; and in response to the condition expression of the transaction block being true, adding in the order one or more associated action sets of the transaction block to a transaction context; and in response to each of the transaction blocks being evaluated, cause the transaction context to be executed as an atomic transaction.

Abstract: A database system includes an interface and a processor. The interface is configured to receive a transaction request comprising one or more transaction blocks in an order. The processor is configured to evaluate each transaction block of the one or more transaction blocks in the order by: determining in the order whether a condition expression of a transaction block of the one or more transaction blocks is true; and in response to the condition expression of the transaction block being true, adding in the order one or more associated action sets of the transaction block to a transaction context; and in response to each of the transaction blocks being evaluated, cause the transaction context to be executed as an atomic transaction.

Abstract: This disclosure provides an apparatus and method for harnessing machine learning and data analytics for a real-time predictive model for a FCC pre-treatment unit. The method includes collecting operating parameters of a pre-treatment unit and fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit; evaluating an independent variable of the operating parameters; and adjusting an input to the pre-treatment unit to control the independent variable within specifications in an output of the FCC unit.

Abstract: A process for maximizing production of heavy naphtha from a hydrocarbon stream is disclosed. The process comprises providing a hydrocarbon feed stream comprising diesel to a separation column to provide a light diesel stream and a heavy diesel stream. The heavy diesel stream is hydrocracked in the presence of a hydrogen stream and a first hydrocracking catalyst in a first hydrocracking reactor at a first hydrocracking pressure of 13790 kPa to 17237 kPa to provide a first hydrocracked effluent stream. The light diesel stream is hydrocracked in the presence of a hydrogen stream and a second hydrocracking catalyst in a second hydrocracking reactor at a second hydrocracking pressure of 3450 kPa to 6205 kPa to provide a second hydrocracked effluent stream. At least a portion of the first hydrocracked effluent stream and at least a portion of the second hydrocracked effluent stream are fractioned to produce heavy naphtha.

Abstract: An integrated process for maximizing recovery of aromatics is provided. The process comprises passing at least a portion of a xylene column bottoms stream to a heavy aromatics column to provide a heavy aromatics column bottoms stream comprising C9+ aromatics and a heavy aromatics column overhead stream. The heavy aromatics column bottoms stream is passed to a second stage hydrocracking reactor of a two-stage hydrocracking reactor. In the second stage hydrocracking reactor, the heavy aromatics column bottoms stream is hydrocracked in the presence of a hydrocracking catalyst and hydrogen to provide a hydrocracked effluent stream.

Abstract: An integrated process for maximizing recovery of aromatics is provided. The process comprises passing at least a portion of a xylene column bottoms stream to a heavy aromatics column to provide a heavy aromatics column bottoms stream comprising C9+ aromatics and a heavy aromatics column overhead stream. The heavy aromatics column bottoms stream is passed to a second stage hydrocracking reactor of a two-stage hydrocracking reactor. In the second stage hydrocracking reactor, the heavy aromatics column bottoms stream is hydrocracked in the presence of a hydrocracking catalyst and hydrogen to provide a hydrocracked effluent stream.

Abstract: An integrated process for maximizing recovery of hydrogen is provided. The process comprises: providing a hydrocarbonaceous feed comprising naphtha, and a hydrogen stream to a reforming zone, wherein the hydrogen stream is obtained from at least one of a hydrocracking zone, a transalkylation zone, and an isomerization zone. The hydrocarbonaceous feed is reformed in the reforming zone in the presence of the hydrogen stream and a reforming catalyst to provide a reformate effluent stream. At least a portion of the reformate effluent stream is passed to a debutanizer column of the reforming zone to provide a net hydrogen stream and a fraction comprising liquid petroleum gas (LPG). At least a portion of the net hydrogen stream is recycled to the reforming zone as the hydrogen stream.

Abstract: An integrated process for maximizing recovery of LPG is provided. The process comprises providing a hydrocarbonaceous feed comprising naphtha, and a hydrogen stream to a reforming zone. The hydrocarbonaceous feed is reformed in the reforming zone in the presence of the hydrogen stream and a reforming catalyst to provide a reformate effluent stream. At least a portion of the reformate effluent stream and at least one stream comprising C6? hydrocarbons from one or more of a hydrocracking zone, an isomerization zone, and a transalkylation zone is passed to a debutanizer column of the reforming zone to provide a fraction comprising liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and a debutanizer column bottoms stream.

Abstract: Processes for the production of a gasoline blend. A C7 portion of a naphtha stream is first isomerized to increase the branched, iso-paraffins, and then, the isomerized effluent is passed to a dehydrogenation reaction zone. In the dehydrogenation zone, the C7 saturated hydrocarbons are convert to C7 olefins. The C7 olefins have a higher octane number than the C7 saturated hydrocarbons, and the branched olefins have a higher octane number than the normal olefins. The C7 olefins can be blended in a gasoline pool. C5 and C6 hydrocarbons can be isomerized and dehydrogenated as well, separately or with the C7 components.

Abstract: An integrated process for maximizing recovery of LPG is provided. The process comprises providing a hydrocarbonaceous feed comprising naphtha, and a hydrogen stream to a reforming zone. The hydrocarbonaceous feed is reformed in the reforming zone in the presence of the hydrogen stream and a reforming catalyst to provide a reformate effluent stream. At least a portion of the reformate effluent stream and at least one stream comprising C6? hydrocarbons from one or more of a hydrocracking zone, an isomerization zone, and a transalkylation zone is passed to a debutanizer column of the reforming zone to provide a fraction comprising liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and a debutanizer column bottoms stream.

Abstract: An integrated process for maximizing recovery of hydrogen is provided. The process comprises: providing a hydrocarbonaceous feed comprising naphtha, and a hydrogen stream to a reforming zone, wherein the hydrogen stream is obtained from at least one of a hydrocracking zone, a transalkylation zone, and an isomerization zone. The hydrocarbonaceous feed is reformed in the reforming zone in the presence of the hydrogen stream and a reforming catalyst to provide a reformate effluent stream. At least a portion of the reformate effluent stream is passed to a debutanizer column of the reforming zone to provide a net hydrogen stream and a fraction comprising liquid petroleum gas (LPG). At least a portion of the net hydrogen stream is recycled to the reforming zone as the hydrogen stream.

Abstract: Processes and apparatus for maximizing production of heavy naphtha from a hydrocarbon stream are provided. The process comprises providing a hydrocarbon feed stream comprising vacuum gas oil to a first hydrocracking reactor. The hydrocarbon feed stream is hydrocracked at first hydrocracking conditions comprising a first hydrocracking pressure to provide a first hydrocracked effluent stream therein. At least a portion of the first hydrocracked effluent stream is fractionated in a fractionation column to provide a heavy naphtha fraction. A kerosene stream is hydrocracked in a second hydrocracking reactor operating at second hydrocracking conditions comprising a second hydrocracking pressure to provide a second hydrocracked effluent stream. In an aspect, the first hydrocracking pressure can be greater than the second hydrocracking pressure by at least about 6895 kPa (g).

Abstract: A process and apparatus for reducing the sulfur content of naphtha. The process includes introducing at least a portion of a naphtha feed stream to a selective hydrodesulfurization zone under selective hydrodesulfurization conditions in the presence of a selective hydrodesulfurization catalyst to form a low sulfur stream which contains mercaptan and thiophene compounds. At least a portion of the low sulfur stream is separated into at least two streams, a mercaptan rich stream containing mercaptan and thiophene compounds and an overhead stream containing hydrogen sulfide and liquid petroleum gas. The mercaptan rich stream is treated in an adsorbent zone to remove at least a portion of the mercaptan and thiophene compounds to form a mercaptan lean stream.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are disclosed for upgrading a hydrocarbon feedstream comprising passing the hydrocarbon feedstream to a first hydroprocessing reactor in a reaction vessel to produce a first hydroprocessed effluent stream. The first hydroprocessed effluent stream is separated in a hot separator to produce a vapor stream and a liquid hydrocarbon stream. At least a portion of the liquid hydrocarbon stream is passed to a second hydroprocessing reactor disposed in the reaction vessel above the first hydroprocessing reactor, to produce a second hydroprocessed effluent stream. A liquid product stream is separated from the second hydroprocessing effluent stream. The vapor stream from the hot separator is mixed with the liquid product stream to provide a combined stream.

Abstract: This disclosure provides an apparatus and method for harnessing machine learning and data analytics for a real-time predictive model for a FCC pre-treatment unit. The method includes collecting operating parameters of a pre-treatment unit and fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit; evaluating an independent variable of the operating parameters; and adjusting an input to the pre-treatment unit to control the independent variable within specifications in an output of the FCC unit.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for reducing the sulfur content of naphtha. The process includes introducing at least a portion of a naphtha feed stream to a selective hydrodesulfurization zone under selective hydrodesulfurization conditions in the presence of a selective hydrodesulfurization catalyst to form a low sulfur stream which contains mercaptan and thiophene compounds. At least a portion of the low sulfur stream is separated into at least two streams, a mercaptan rich stream containing mercaptan and thiophene compounds and an overhead stream containing hydrogen sulfide and liquid petroleum gas. The mercaptan rich stream is treated in an adsorbent zone to remove at least a portion of the mercaptan and thiophene compounds to form a mercaptan lean stream.

Abstract: A process for hydrotreating full range naphtha is disclosed including the steps of passing a vapor stream composed of naphtha hydrocarbons to a first catalyst bed of a hydrotreating reactor, passing a liquid stream composed of naphtha hydrocarbons to a second catalyst bed of the hydrotreating reactor, and recovering a hydrotreated product stream from the hydrotreating reactor. The first and second catalyst beds are arranged in series within the hydrotreating reactor, and the second catalyst bed is downstream of the first catalyst bed.

Abstract: A shell and tube heat exchanger is described. The shell and tube heat exchanger includes a shell side having a separation plate dividing the shell into at least two compartments, each of the compartments having a feed inlet and a feed outlet; and a tube side comprising a plurality of tubes in the shell, at least one tube in each compartment, and the tube side having an effluent inlet and an effluent outlet. A method of heating a feed stream for a reaction zone using reactor effluent using the shell and tube heat exchanger is also described.

Abstract: A separator for separating a hydroprocessed effluent and a process of using same. The separator vessel includes a scrubbing section in a tower to remove acid gases from the vapor that is separated in the separator and that passes upwards through the tower. A treated gas can be recovered from the separator. Additionally, a liquid hydrocarbon stream and a water stream, usually a sour water stream, can be recovered from the separator as well.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for increasing vacuum gas oil recovery from a vacuum column are described. The process includes separating a residue crude oil stream from a crude oil separation column in a vacuum column into at least one vacuum gas oil fraction, and a contaminant-rich slop fraction containing at least one contaminant; contacting the contaminant-rich slop fraction with a lean ionic liquid in a contaminant removal zone to produce a mixture comprising a contaminant-lean slop fraction and a rich ionic liquid comprising at least a portion of the at least one contaminant; and separating the mixture to produce a treated slop effluent comprising the contaminant-lean slop fraction and a rich ionic liquid effluent comprising the rich ionic liquid.