Abstract: A method of producing electrodes includes selecting a palladium alloy, annealing the palladium alloy at a first temperature above 350° C., cold working the palladium alloy into a desired electrode shape, and annealing the palladium alloy at a second temperatures and for a time sufficient to produce a grain size between about 5 microns and about 100 microns. The method further includes etching the palladium alloy, rinsing the palladium alloy with at least one of water and heavy water, and storing the palladium alloy in an inert environment.

Abstract: A method of producing electrodes includes selecting a palladium alloy, annealing the palladium alloy at a first temperature above 350° C., cold working the palladium alloy into a desired electrode shape, and annealing the palladium alloy at a second temperatures and for a time sufficient to produce a grain size between about 5 microns and about 100 microns. The method further includes etching the palladium alloy, rinsing the palladium alloy with at least one of water and heavy water, and storing the palladium alloy in an inert environment.

Abstract: An electrolytic method of loading hydrogen into a cathode includes placing the cathode and an anode in an electrochemical reaction vessel filled with a solvent, mixing a DC component and an AC component to produce an electrolytic current, and applying an electrolytic current to the cathode. The DC component includes cycling between: a first voltage applied to the cathode for a first period of time, a second voltage applied to the cathode for a second period of time, wherein the second voltage is higher than the first voltage, and wherein the second period of time is shorter than the first period of time. The peak sum of the voltages supplied by the DC component and AC component is higher than the dissociation voltage of the solvent. The AC component is selected based on a local minimum of a Nyquist plot to minimize energy loss while maintaining hydrogen transport.

Abstract: An electrolytic method of loading hydrogen into a cathode includes placing the cathode and an anode in an electrochemical reaction vessel filled with a solvent, mixing a DC component and an AC component to produce an electrolytic current, and applying an electrolytic current to the cathode. The DC component includes cycling between: a first voltage applied to the cathode for a first period of time, a second voltage applied to the cathode for a second period of time, wherein the second voltage is higher than the first voltage, and wherein the second period of time is shorter than the first period of time. The peak sum of the voltages supplied by the DC component and AC component is higher than the dissociation voltage of the solvent. The AC component is selected based on a local minimum of a Nyquist plot to minimize energy loss while maintaining hydrogen transport.

Abstract: An electrolytic method of loading hydrogen into a cathode includes placing the cathode and an anode in an electrochemical reaction vessel filled with a solvent, mixing a DC component and an AC component to produce an electrolytic current, and applying an electrolytic current to the cathode. The DC component includes cycling between: a first voltage applied to the cathode for a first period of time, a second voltage applied to the cathode for a second period of time, wherein the second voltage is higher than the first voltage, and wherein the second period of time is shorter than the first period of time. The peak sum of the voltages supplied by the DC component and AC component is higher than the dissociation voltage of the solvent. The AC component is selected based on a local minimum of a Nyquist plot to minimize energy loss while maintaining hydrogen transport.

Abstract: A method of producing electrodes includes selecting a palladium alloy, annealing the palladium alloy at a first temperature above 350° C., cold working the palladium alloy into a desired electrode shape, and annealing the palladium alloy at a second temperatures and for a time sufficient to produce a grain size between about 5 microns and about 100 microns. The method further includes etching the palladium alloy, rinsing the palladium alloy with at least one of water and heavy water, and storing the palladium alloy in an inert environment.

Abstract: An electrolytic method of loading hydrogen into a cathode includes placing the cathode and an anode in an electrochemical reaction vessel filled with a solvent, mixing a DC component and an AC component to produce an electrolytic current, and applying an electrolytic current to the cathode. The DC component includes cycling between: a first voltage applied to the cathode for a first period of time, a second voltage applied to the cathode for a second period of time, wherein the second voltage is higher than the first voltage, and wherein the second period of time is shorter than the first period of time. The AC component has a frequency between about 1 Hz and about 100 kHz. The peak sum of the voltages supplied by the DC component and AC component is higher than the dissociation voltage of the solvent.

Abstract: An electrolytic method of loading hydrogen into a cathode includes placing the cathode and an anode in an electrochemical reaction vessel filled with a solvent, mixing a DC component and an AC component to produce an electrolytic current, and applying an electrolytic current to the cathode. The DC component includes cycling between: a first voltage applied to the cathode for a first period of time, a second voltage applied to the cathode for a second period of time, wherein the second voltage is higher than the first voltage, and wherein the second period of time is shorter than the first period of time. The AC component has a frequency between about 1 Hz and about 100 kHz. The peak sum of the voltages supplied by the DC component and AC component is higher than the dissociation voltage of the solvent.

Abstract: A method of producing electrodes includes selecting a palladium alloy, annealing the palladium alloy at a first temperature above 350° C., cold working the palladium alloy into a desired electrode shape, and annealing the palladium alloy at a second temperatures and for a time sufficient to produce a grain size between about 5 microns and about 100 microns. The method further includes etching the palladium alloy, rinsing the palladium alloy with at least one of water and heavy water, and storing the palladium alloy in an inert environment.

Abstract: A heating element that includes a ceramic material doped with various elements is described. The heating element can be heated by forcing a fuel to flow through the ceramic material, where the fuel interacts with the dopants. The interaction can produce energy in the form of heat. Inventive aspects of the present material include apparatus and methods for modulation of the heat energy, physical features providing for an increase in the rate of heat release, optimization of materials and material morphology for quantity and efficiency of heat release and provision for fueling and maintenance.

Abstract: A composition of matter that experiences an increase rate of radioactive emission is presented. The composition comprises a radioactive material and particles having affinity for Hydrogen or its isotopes. When exposed to Hydrogen, the composition's emission rate increases. Methods of production are also presented.

Abstract: A composition of matter that experiences an increase rate of radioactive emission is presented. The composition comprises a radioactive material and particles having affinity for Hydrogen or its isotopes. When exposed to Hydrogen, the composition's emission rate increases. Methods of production are also presented.

Abstract: A heating element can comprise a ceramic material doped with various elements. The heating element can be heated by forcing a fuel to flow through the ceramic material, where the fuel interacts with the dopants. The interaction can produce energy in the form of heat. Inventive aspects of the present material include apparatus and methods for modulation of the heat energy, physical features providing for an increase in the rate of heat release, optimization of materials and material morphology for quantity and efficiency of heat release and provision for fueling and maintenance.

Abstract: A heating element can comprise a ceramic material doped with various elements. The heating element can be heated by forcing a fuel to flow through the ceramic material, where the fuel interacts with the dopants. The interaction can produce energy in the form of heat. Inventive aspects of the present material include apparatus and methods for modulation of the heat energy, physical features providing for an increase in the rate of heat release, optimization of materials and material morphology for quantity and efficiency of heat release and provision for fueling and maintenance.

Abstract: A composition of matter that experiences an increase rate of radioactive emission is presented. The composition comprises a radioactive material and particles having affinity for Hydrogen or its isotopes. When exposed to Hydrogen, the composition's emission rate increases. Methods of production are also presented.

Abstract: A heating element can comprise a ceramic material doped with various elements. The heating element can be heated by forcing a fuel to flow through the ceramic material, where the fuel interacts with the dopants. The interaction can produce energy in the form of heat. Inventive aspects of the present material include apparatus and methods for modulation of the heat energy, physical features providing for an increase in the rate of heat release, optimization of materials and material morphology for quantity and efficiency of heat release and provision for fueling and maintenance.

Abstract: The system presented is an electrolytic cell and system for electrolysizing and/or heating a fluid electrolyte containing hydrogen in one of its several isotopic and compound forms having a conductive solution electrolyte. The electrolytic cell includes an electrically conductive electrode prepared of selected metals and/or their alloys. The cell is designed to release heat and/or reaction products during or after operation. The several electrodes are placed in electrical contact with the fluid electrolyte so that current passes between the several electrodes and made to flow through the electrolyte. The currents and voltages used between the various electrodes are chosen to be high enough to form ionization of some selected parts of the fluid electrolyte and move hydrogen in one of its various forms to the surface of one or more electrodes. Several geometric configurations such as microspheres, multicells, concentric electrodes and other forms can be used.

Abstract: An electrolytic system and cell for excess heating of water containing a conductive salt in solution. The electrolytic cell includes a non-conductive housing defining a substantially closed interior volume and spaced apart first and second conductive members positioned within the housing. A plurality of conductive particles each having a conductive metal which is readily combinable with hydrogen or an isotope of hydrogen to form a metallic hydride are positioned within the housing in electrical contact with the first conductive member and electrically spaced from said second conductive member. The conductive particles may be of any convenient regular or irregular shape. An electric power source in the system is operably connected across the first and second conductive members whereby electrical current flows therebetween and through the conductive particles within the liquid electrolyte.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell and system for electrolysizing and/or heating a liquid electrolyte containing water having a conductive salt in solution flowing through the cell. The electrolytic cell includes a non-conductive housing having an inlet and an outlet and spaced apart first and second conductive foraminous grids connected within the housing. A plurality of spaced beds of closely packed conductive microspheres are positioned end to end within the housing in electrical contact with the first grid adjacent the inlet. The individual microsphere beds are electrically isolated from one another in the absence of the liquid electrolyte. The microspheres are generally uniform in size and density and include a plated layer formed of metallic hydride which is readily combineable with hydrogen or an isotope of hydrogen with hydrazine to form a conductive, preferably flash coated metal layer.