Abstract: An allergy testing system includes encapsulated allergens, a microneedle array, and an activation system coupled to the microneedle array and the encapsulated allergens such that the encapsulated allergens are moved into contact with a subject as the microneedle array is moved from a resting position to a penetrating position. A method for determining a degree of reaction to one or more allergens by a patient in a minimally invasive manner is also disclosed. Penetration of one or more microneedles into a skin of the patient is caused. Each of the penetrations into the skin is exposed with an allergen from each of the one or more microneedles. One or more images are captured of each of the penetrations into the skin. Each of the captured images are analyzed to assess the degree of reaction to the specific allergen. Allergic reactivity data is output for at least one of the allergens.

Abstract: An allergy testing system includes encapsulated allergens, a microneedle array, and an activation system coupled to the microneedle array and the encapsulated allergens such that the encapsulated allergens are moved into contact with a subject as the microneedle array is moved from a resting position to a penetrating position. A method for determining a degree of reaction to one or more allergens by a patient in a minimally invasive manner is also disclosed. Penetration of one or more microneedles into a skin of the patient is caused. Each of the penetrations into the skin is exposed with an allergen from each of the one or more microneedles. One or more images are captured of each of the penetrations into the skin. Each of the captured images are analyzed to assess the degree of reaction to the specific allergen. Allergic reactivity data is output for at least one of the allergens.

Abstract: An allergy testing system has a microneedle array. The allergy testing system also has at least one coated allergen. The allergy testing system further has an activation system coupled to the microneedle array such that the at least one coated allergen is moved into contact with a subject as the microneedle array is moved from a resting position to a penetrating position. A method for determining a degree of reaction to one or more allergens by a patient in a minimally invasive manner is disclosed. One or more allergen coated microneedles is caused to penetrate into a skin of the patient. One or more images of at least one of the penetrations into the skin are captured. At least one of the captured images are analyzed to assess the degree of reaction to a specific allergen. Allergic reactivity data is output for at least one of the allergens.

Abstract: An allergy testing system includes encapsulated allergens, a microneedle array, and an activation system coupled to the microneedle array and the encapsulated allergens such that the encapsulated allergens are moved into contact with a subject as the microneedle array is moved from a resting position to a penetrating position. A method for determining a degree of reaction to one or more allergens by a patient in a minimally invasive manner is also disclosed. Penetration of one or more microneedles into a skin of the patient is caused. Each of the penetrations into the skin is exposed with an allergen from each of the one or more microneedles. One or more images are captured of each of the penetrations into the skin. Each of the captured images are analyzed to assess the degree of reaction to the specific allergen. Allergic reactivity data is output for at least one of the allergens.

Abstract: A replaceable cartridge for use in a minimally invasive allergy testing system includes a microneedle array; encapsulated allergens, and packaging to hold the array in alignment with the allergens. A method of manufacturing a replaceable cartridge is disclosed. A formable layer is placed on a mold having cavities and vacuum lines coupled to the cavities. Heat is applied to the formable layer and a negative pressure is applied to the vacuum lines to wrap the cavities with the formable layer. The wrapped cavities are filled with allergens. The filled cavities are covered with a plastic cover to form an encapsulated allergen assembly. A removable seal is applied over the plastic cover. A microneedle array having a substrate and at least one microneedle is formed. An energy storage device is coupled to the substrate to form a microneedle array assembly. The encapsulated allergen assembly is coupled with the microneedle array assembly.

Abstract: Nucleic acids can be amplified and detected using an element which has a sealable support on which is disposed a nucleic acid reagent composition. The composition is a mixture of a nucleic acid reagent composed of polymeric particles to which an oligonucleotide is covalently attached. The particles are prepared from a first polymer having a glass transition temperature of at least about 70.degree. C. and have an average diameter of from about 0.1 to about 3 micrometers. The reagent is adhered to the support using a water insoluble adhesive comprising a second polymer which has a glass transition temperature which is at least about 30.degree. C. less than the glass transition temperature of the first polymer. The adhesive is present in the composition at from about 1 to about 20 dry weight percent. The method provides high sensitivity and low background in the assay of nucleic acids, preferably using polymerase chain reaction.

Abstract: Apparatus is disclosed for loading and unloading a discrete film strip into or from a film guide track (566) extending between an unexposed film chamber (562) and an exposed film chamber (564) within a camera (426), the camera being of a type including an external housing (428, 478) having a movable closure (484) giving access to the film guide track and the film having opposing longitudinal edges. The apparatus may include a frame (320, 352); a device (324-334, 348-356) supported by the frame for defining a first pair of opposed guide slots (336, 338) for receiving the longitudinal edges as the film is driven into the camera; and a device (370, 372, 378) supported by the frame for guiding the film from or to the first guide slots into or from the film guide track.

Abstract: A photographic camera comprising a camera body, a chamber within the body, and a door for closing the chamber which is slidable open to uncover the chamber, is characterized in that the door is flexible away from the body, and mutually engaging means are located on the body and the door for preventing the door from being slid open, but which are disengaged to permit the door to be slid open when the door is flexed away from the body.

Abstract: A camera having a body portion with a cartridge chamber for retaining a film cartridge and a film chamber for retaining a filmstrip includes a cover coupled to the body portion and movable in opposite directions between an opened and a closed position having a gear rack having a set of linearly arranged engagement teeth. A drive gear having an engaging portion for engaging the film cartridge is moved into engagement with the gear rack to wind the filmstrip into the film cartridge when said cover is moved in one of the opposite directions, and is moved out of engagement with the gear rack when the cover is moved in the other direction to prevent film winding.

Abstract: A film drive gear has a thumbwheel that is rotated by a camera user and also has a shutter cam surface that rotates with the thumbwheel to reset a shutter mechanism and has a film metering cam surface that rotates with the thumbwheel to release a film metering mechanism. The shutter cam surface and the film metering cam surface are axially separated along a shaft of the film drive gear that extends outwardly from the thumbwheel. The drive gear can include a toothed sprocket that actuates a film transport mechanism such that revolution of the thumbwheel rotates the toothed sprocket and moves the photographic film a predetermined distance. The thumbwheel also can be provided with an outer circumferential surface that is coupled to an exposure counter wheel having frame index numbers such that a predetermined number of revolutions of the thumbwheel moves the exposure counter wheel by one frame index number relative to the thumbwheel.

Abstract: A camera includes a body portion having a cartridge chamber for retaining a film cartridge and a film chamber for retaining a filmstrip a pump cover coupled to the body portion and movable in opposite directions between an opened and a closed position, as well as a rotatable film winding for engaging the film cartridge to wind filmstrip into the film cartridge as the gear is rotated. An engageable locking lever prevents the gear from being rotated until disengaged by movement of the cover in one of the opposite directions in which a movable gear rack having a set of engagement teeth engages the unlocked film winding gear and rotates the film winding gear when the cover is moved in one of the opposite directions to wind film into a film cartridge.

Abstract: A camera includes a body portion having a cartridge chamber for a film cartridge and a film chamber for a filmstrip, a high energy lever returnable to a cocked position, and a film metering pawl movable in engagement with the filmstrip. The film metering pawl is placed in engagement with the filmstrip to prevent winding of the filmstrip into the cartridge, and released from engagement when the high energy lever is being returned to its cocked position to permit the filmstrip to be wound into the cartridge. The film metering pawl is movable to a film metered position where it is locked and the film advance is disabled.

Abstract: Apparatus is disclosed for loading and unloading a photographic camera (426) of a type including an external housing (428, 478) having a movable closure (484) giving access to a film guide track (566) within the camera, the guide track extending between an unexposed film chamber (562) and an exposed film chamber (564), the apparatus including a light tight housing (12, 14, 18); a source (24) for unexposed photographic film positioned within the light tight housing; a nest (74) for receiving a camera within the light tight housing; film loading device (72) extending between the source and the nest for guiding film from the source into the film guide track within the camera; a film unloading device ((82) for guiding film from the camera; a cutter (84) for cutting exposed film unloaded from the camera; a device (292, 708, 710, 878) for driving film from the source, along the loading device and into the camera; and a device (584, 602, 708, 710, 874) for driving film from the camera along the unloading means to th

Abstract: A camera includes a depressible shutter relase button; and a film metering mechanism for metering a filmstrip in the camera. The shutter release button is positioned on one side of a pivotable trigger which raises a release element when the shutter release button is depressed. The release element, coupled to the film metering mechanism, remains in a raised position until the film metering mechanism has metered the filmstrip. Preferably, the shutter release can be used in a pump-action camera, the shutter release remaining hidden until a succeeding exposure frame has been advanced and metered.

Abstract: A foldable film winding crank for a camera comprising a rotary base, and a two-part handle having a first handle part pivotably connected to the base and a second handle part pivotably connected to the first handle part to permit the two-part handle to be folded lengthwise into a cavity in the base for storage and to be unfolded lengthwise from the cavity to be manually grasped in order to rotate the base for film winding, is characterized in that a pivotable connection between the first handle part and the base and a pivotable connection between the second handle part and the first handle part are located at respective sides of an axis of rotation of the base to initially allow the second handle part to be foldingly pivoted in one direction to the first handle part and then allow the first handle part to be foldingly pivoted together with the second handle part in an opposite direction into the cavity and, conversely, to initially allow the second handle part to be unfoldingly pivoted from the first handle p

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed for loading a photographic camera (426) of a type including an external housing (428, 478) having a movable closure (484) giving access to a film guide track (566) within the camera, the guide track extending between an unexposed film chamber (562) and an exposed film chamber (564), the apparatus including a frame (12); a source (24) for unexposed photographic film positioned on the frame; a nest for receiving the camera supported on the frame; a film loading device (72) extending between the source and the nest for guiding film from the source into the film guide track within the camera; a film unloading device (82) extending away from the camera; and means for driving film from the source, along the loading device and into said camera and for driving film from the camera along the unloading device. Corresponding methods also are taught.

Abstract: A photographic camera (426) is disclosed which includes an external housing (428, 478) having at least one movable closure (484) which, in an open position of the at least one closure, enables a discrete strip of film to be loaded from an exterior of the camera into the camera and a discrete film strip to be unloaded from the camera to the exterior; a film guide track (566) extending within the housing between an unexposed film chamber (562) and an exposed film chamber (564), the film guide track having a width corresponding to a transverse width of the film strip; and a mechanism (476, 508, 526, 530) for moving the film strip back and forth in the film guide track between the unexposed and exposed film chambers. The camera uniquely includes a feature (386, 550, 552, 574, 576) within the housing and at an entrance (554) to the film guide track for positioning an external film loading or unloading device (72, 82) for guiding film into or receiving film from the film guide track.

Abstract: Apparatus (610) is disclosed for opening and closing a photographic camera (426) of a type including an external housing (428, 478) having a slidable closure (484) giving access to a film guide track (566) within the camera, the closure including an externally accessible slot (636), the guide track extending between an unexposed film chamber (562) and an exposed film chamber (564). The apparatus may include a frame (12); a nest (74) supported on the frame for receiving a camera; and a door opening mechanism (612-646) supported by the frame, the mechanism including a member (632, 634) for engaging the slot and an actuator (616, 628) for moving the member to open the closure.

Abstract: When an exposure counter in a single-use camera indicates that the maximum number of exposures on a roll of film in the camera have been exposed, a function of the camera such as an electronic flash capability is disabled to prevent unauthorized recycling of the camera. A reset code must be inputted to the camera to initialize the exposure counter and to enable the electronic flash capability, to permit authorized reuse of the camera with another roll of film. If an invalid code is inputted to the camera, the electronic flash capability is permanently disabled or cannot be re-enabled for a period of time.

Abstract: When an exposure counter in a single-use camera indicates that the maximum number of exposures on a roll of film in the camera have been exposed, a function of the camera such as an electronic flash capability is disabled to prevent unauthorized recycling of the camera. A reset code must be inputted to the camera to initialize the exposure counter and to enable the electronic flash capability, to permit authorized reuse of the camera with another roll of film.