Abstract: The present embodiments relate to lowering the widening of a radiation beam, for example, using a chamber arranged between a beam output and an object to be irradiated. The chamber is filled with a gas or a gas mixture, the average atomic number of which is smaller than that of air, and the volume expansion of which is changeable. The advantage here is that a widening of a radiation beam caused by multiple scattering is reduced.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for cleaning the door of a coke oven, said door comprising a sealing edge and a membrane that is attached to the door panel of the coke oven. According to said method, cleaning tools comprising jet nozzles, which are supplied with a flow medium at high pressure, are situated and displaced back and forth in the region between the sealing edge and the door panel of the coke oven, in such a way that the interior surface of the membrane and the sealing edge are cleaned. The coke oven door is cleaned directly after the coke oven chamber is opened, by at least one jet nozzle element, which is supplied with compressed air and is displaced along the sealing edges. The jet nozzles are oriented in such a way that the air hits the surface to be cleaned at an acute angle.

Abstract: A cathode has an emission layer that thermionically emits electrons upon exposure with a laser beam. The material of the emission layer has a product of density (?), measured in kg m 3 , heat capacity (Cp), measured in J kg ? ? K and heat conductivity (?), measured in W mK that is, at room temperature, maximally 500,000 J 2 m 4 ? K 2 ? s . Such a cathode has an improved thermionic emission of electrons.

Abstract: The present embodiments relate to lowering the widening of a radiation beam, for example, using a chamber arranged between a beam output and an object to be irradiated. The chamber is filled with a gas or a gas mixture, the average atomic number of which is smaller than that of air, and the volume expansion of which is changeable. The advantage here is that a widening of a radiation beam caused by multiple scattering is reduced.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for cleaning the door of a coke oven, said door comprising a sealing edge and a membrane that is attached to the door panel of the coke oven. According to said method, cleaning tools comprising jet nozzles, which are supplied with a flow medium at high pressure, are situated and displaced back and forth in the region between the sealing edge and the door panel of the coke oven, in such a way that the interior surface of the membrane and the sealing edge are cleaned. The coke oven door is cleaned directly after the coke oven chamber is opened, by at least one jet nozzle element, which is supplied with compressed air and is displaced along the sealing edges. The jet nozzles are oriented in such a way that the air hits the surface to be cleaned at an acute angle.

Abstract: An x-ray radiator has an anode that emits x-rays, a cathode that thermionically emits electrons upon irradiation thereof by a laser beam, a voltage source for application of a high voltage between the anode and the cathode for acceleration of the emitted electrons toward the anode to form an electron beam, a vacuum housing, an insulator that is part of the vacuum housing and that separates the cathode from the anode, an arrangement for cooling components of the x-ray radiator, a deflection and arrangement that deflects the laser beam from a stationary source, that is arranged outside of the vacuum housing, to a spatially stationary laser focal spot on the cathode.

Abstract: An x-ray unit has an x-ray radiator having an anode that emits x-rays upon being struck by electrons, a cathode that thermionically emits electrons upon irradiation thereof by a laser beam, electrical connections for application of a high voltage between the anode and the cathode to accelerate the emitted electrons toward the anode as an electron beam, a vacuum housing that can be rotated around an axis, an insulator that is part of the vacuum housing and that separates the cathode from the anode, a drive that rotates the vacuum housing around its axis, an arrangement for cooling components of the x-ray radiator, and an arrangement that directs the laser beam from a stationary source, arranged outside of the vacuum housing, onto a spatially stationary laser focal spot on the cathode and that focuses the laser beam.

Abstract: A cathode has an emission layer that thermionically emits electrons upon exposure with a laser beam. The material of the emission layer has a product of density (?), measured in kg m 3 , heat capacity (Cp), measured in J kg ? ? K and heat conductivity (?), measured in W mK that is, at room temperature, maximally 500,000 J 2 m 4 ? K 2 ? s . Such a cathode has an improved thermionic emission of electrons.

Abstract: The invention concerns an x-ray detector with a plurality of layers arranged one top of one another in the incident direction of the x-rays, whereby each of the layers comprises at least one photodiode and a luminophore layer applied thereon.

Abstract: A binderless storage phosphor screen with needle shaped crystals, wherein the phosphor is an alkalihalide phosphor and the needles show high [100] unit cell orientation in the plane of the screen.

Abstract: An x-ray radiator has a vacuum housing that can rotate around an axis, a cathode that thermionically emits electrons upon irradiation thereof by a laser beam, an anode that emits x-rays upon being struck by the electrons, an insulator that is part of the vacuum housing and that separates the cathode from the anode, electrodes or terminals to apply a high voltage between the anode and the cathode to accelerate the emitted electrons toward the anode to form an electron beam, a drive arrangement for rotation of the vacuum housing around its axis, an arrangement for cooling components of the x-ray radiator, and an arrangement that directs and focuses the laser beam from a stationary source that is arranged outside of the vacuum housing onto a spatially stationary laser focal spot on the cathode.

Abstract: A device for generation of x-ray radiation has one or more cold electron sources as a cathode and at least one x-ray target as an anode that are arranged in an evacuable housing. Upon application of an electrical voltage between cathode and anode, electrons emitted from the electron source are accelerated in an electron beam onto the x-ray target. A device for reduction of the proportion of positive ions in the region of the electron source is arranged between the electron source and the x-ray target in the housing. The device exhibits a long lifespan with good focusing capability and fast modulation capability of the electron beam.

Abstract: A rotating envelope radiator has a radiator housing surrounded by an external housing to form an intervening space in which a coolant flows. To prevent the formation, at high rotational frequencies, of reverse flows of the coolant in the intervening space, a flow conductor structure is provided in the intervening space that counteracts the formation of tangential flow components in the coolant.

Abstract: An x-ray radiator has an anode that emits x-rays when struck by electrons, a cathode that thermionically emits electrons upon irradiation thereof by a laser beam, a voltage source for application of a high voltage between the anode and the cathode for acceleration of the emitted electrons towards the anode to form an electron beam. A surface of the cathode that can be irradiated by the laser beam is at least partially roughened and/or doped and/or is formed of an intermetallic compound or vitreous carbon.

Abstract: An x-ray unit has an x-ray radiator having an anode that emits x-rays upon being struck by electrons, a cathode that thermionically emits electrons upon irradiation thereof by a laser beam, electrical connections for application of a high voltage between the anode and the cathode to accelerate the emitted electrons toward the anode as an electron beam, a vacuum housing that can be rotated around an axis, an insulator that is part of the vacuum housing and that separates the cathode from the anode, a drive that rotates the vacuum housing around its axis, an arrangement for cooling components of the x-ray radiator, and an arrangement that directs the laser beam from a stationary source, arranged outside of the vacuum housing, onto a spatially stationary laser focal spot on the cathode and that focuses the laser beam.

Abstract: An x-ray radiator has an anode that emits x-rays, a cathode that thermionically emits electrons upon irradiation thereof by a laser beam, a voltage source for application of a high voltage between the anode and the cathode for acceleration of the emitted electrons toward the anode to form an electron beam, a vacuum housing, an insulator that is part of the vacuum housing and that separates the cathode from the anode, an arrangement for cooling components of the x-ray radiator, a deflection and arrangement that deflects the laser beam from a stationary source, that is arranged outside of the vacuum housing, to a spatially stationary laser focal spot on the cathode.

Abstract: A device for generation of x-ray radiation has one or more cold electron sources as a cathode and at least one x-ray target as an anode that are arranged in an evacuable housing. Upon application of an electrical voltage between cathode and anode, electrons emitted from the electron source are accelerated in an electron beam onto the x-ray target. A device for reduction of the proportion of positive ions in the region of the electron source is arranged between the electron source and the x-ray target in the housing. The device exhibits a long lifespan with good focusing capability and fast modulation capability of the electron beam.

Abstract: An x-ray radiator has a vacuum housing that can rotate around an axis, a cathode that thermionically emits electrons upon irradiation thereof by a laser beam, an anode that emits x-rays upon being struck by the electrons, an insulator that is part of the vacuum housing and that separates the cathode from the anode, electrodes or terminals to apply a high voltage between the anode and the cathode to accelerate the emitted electrons toward the anode to form an electron beam, a drive arrangement for rotation of the vacuum housing around its axis, an arrangement for cooling components of the x-ray radiator, and an arrangement that directs and focuses the laser beam from a stationary source that is arranged outside of the vacuum housing onto a spatially stationary laser focal spot on the cathode.

Abstract: A rotating envelope radiator has a radiator housing surrounded by an external housing to form an intervening space in which a coolant flows. To prevent the formation, at high rotational frequencies, of reverse flows of the coolant in the intervening space, a flow conductor structure is provided in the intervening space that counteracts the formation of tangential flow components in the coolant.

Abstract: In a method for vapor-depositing a substrate with a layer of a needle-shaped x-ray fluorescent material containing at least one alkali metal, alkali halide phases and an alkali halide are mixed in a vapor phase and are vapor-deposited on the substrate. A needle-shaped fluorescent material is thereby produced having the formula ( ( M ? + ? H ? - ) a ? ( M ?? + ? H ?? - ) ( 1 - a ) ) k ? : ? ? ( M x ? + ? S y z + ? H x ? - ? H z * ? y ??? - ) b ? ( M x ?? + ? S y z + ? H x ?? - ? H z * ? y ??? - ) c ? ( M x ? + ? S y z + ? H x ?? - ? H z * ? y ??? - ) d ? ( M x ?? + ? S y z + ? H x ? - ? H z * ? y ??? - ) e wherein M+ is at least one metal ion from the group Na, K, Rb and Cs, H? is at least one halide from the group F, Cl, Br and I and Sz+ is at least one lanthanide ion from the group La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb or Lu.