Abstract: Disclosed herein are embodiments of a molybdate-based composition and a conversion coating obtained therefrom that can replace conventional and toxic chromate-based conversion coatings in a variety of applications and industries. The molybdate-based composition provides conversion coatings that exhibit anodic inhibition and rapid repassivation when applied to objects, such as metal-based objects, and do not contain hexavalent chromium. The molybdate-based composition and conversion coating can be used to reduce corrosion. Embodiments of methods of protecting objects, such as metal surfaces, with the molybdate-based conversion coating also are disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are embodiments of a molybdate-based composition and a conversion coating obtained therefrom that can replace conventional and toxic chromate-based conversion coatings in a variety of applications and industries. The molybdate-based composition provides conversion coatings that exhibit anodic inhibition and rapid repassivation when applied to objects, such as metal-based objects, and do not contain hexavalent chromium. The molybdate-based composition and conversion coating can be used to reduce corrosion. Embodiments of methods of protecting objects, such as metal surfaces, with the molybdate-based conversion coating also are disclosed.

Abstract: The present disclosure concerns embodiments of a catalyst system, such as a mixed catalyst composition, that can be used to make biofuel. In some embodiments, the mixed catalyst composition can comprise an inorganic catalyst and an organic catalyst, such as a cyclic organic catalyst. In particular disclosed embodiments, a mixed catalyst composition comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an inorganic catalyst and an organic catalyst can be used to enhance the production of biofuel, such as biodiesel, by reducing the amount of time needed to make the biofuel as compared to that needed for the inorganic catalyst or the organic catalyst independently. Also disclosed herein are combinations and kits comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of embodiments of a mixed catalyst composition.

Abstract: The present disclosure concerns embodiments of a catalyst system, such as a mixed catalyst composition, that can be used to make biofuel. In some embodiments, the mixed catalyst composition can comprise an inorganic catalyst and an organic catalyst, such as a cyclic organic catalyst. In particular disclosed embodiments, a mixed catalyst composition comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an inorganic catalyst and an organic catalyst can be used to enhance the production of biofuel, such as biodiesel, by reducing the amount of time needed to make the biofuel as compared to that needed for the inorganic catalyst or the organic catalyst independently. Also disclosed herein are combinations and kits comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of embodiments of a mixed catalyst composition.