Abstract: A steer-by-wire system is provided. The steer-by-wire system includes: a first powerpack and a second powerpack, and a steering rack operably coupled to the first powerpack and the second powerpack, the steering rack configured to be linearly movable in response to rotation of motors of the first and second powerpacks. The first powerpack further includes a time generator circuit that is configured to generate and provide a motor position timing to controllers of both the first and second powerpacks, and the time generator circuit is a sole motor position timestamp generating component between the first powerpack and the second powerpack of the steer-by-wire system.

Abstract: A system comprises multiple electronic control units (ECUs). One ECU of the multiple ECUs is configured to determine an offline state of the other ECU of the multiple ECUs and calculate a confidence rate of the determination of the offline status of the other ECU based on one or more of (1) the power level supplied to a transceiver of the one ECU, (2) the number of transmission errors of the one ECU, (3) status messages of the other ECU received through main and redundant communication paths, (4) a measured current of a motor, and/or (5) a power voltage of the other ECU.