Abstract: A method for determining the temperature of a metal strip (1) inside a cooling apparatus (4) of a hot rolling installation is implemented by an electronic device (12). This method includes acquiring a temperature measure of a strip portion at a current time instant; estimating, at the current time instant, a heat flux extracted from the strip portion inside the cooling apparatus according to a thermal model, and computing a strip portion temperature at a next time instant from the acquired temperature measure and the estimated extracted heat flux. The thermal model models an air cooling of the strip portion, a coolant header cooling of the strip portion by a coolant header and a remaining coolant cooling of the strip portion, wherein for the coolant header cooling the model models both an impingement cooling of the strip portion and a parallel flow cooling of the strip portion.

Abstract: A method for the manufacture of a steel sheet, in a device including a pre-heating section, a heating section having a maximal heating rate and a soaking section including a calibrating step, a recrystallization annealing and a soaking and a coating step. The calibration step permits to define a lower dew point permitting to achieve a predefined quality target.

Abstract: A method for determining the temperature of a metal strip (1) inside a cooling apparatus (4) of a hot rolling installation is implemented by an electronic device (12). This method includes acquiring a temperature measure of a strip portion at a current time instant; estimating, at the current time instant, a heat flux extracted from the strip portion inside the cooling apparatus according to a thermal model, and computing a strip portion temperature at a next time instant from the acquired temperature measure and the estimated extracted heat flux. The thermal model models an air cooling of the strip portion, a coolant header cooling of the strip portion by a coolant header and a remaining coolant cooling of the strip portion, wherein for the coolant header cooling the model models both an impingement cooling of the strip portion and a parallel flow cooling of the strip portion.

Abstract: The invention deals with a process for manufacturing a hot-dip galvanized or galvannealed steel sheet having a TRIP microstructure, said process comprising the steps consisting in: -providing a steel sheet whose composition comprises, by weight: 0.01?C?0.22%, 0.50?Mn?2.0%, 0.2?Si?2.0%, 0.005?Al?2.0%, Mo<1.0%, Cr?1.0%, P<0.02%, Ti?0.20%, V?0.40%, Ni?1.0%, Nb?0.20%, the balance of the composition being iron and unavoidable impurities resulting from the smelting, -oxidizing said steel sheet in a direct flame furnace where the atmosphere comprises air and fuel with an air-to-fuel ratio between 0.80 and 0.95, so that a layer of iron oxide having a thickness from 0.05 to 0.2 ?m is formed on the surface of the steel sheet, and an internal oxide of Si and/or Mn and/or Al is formed, -reducing said oxidized steel sheet, at a reduction rate from 0.001 to 0.

Abstract: The invention deals with a process for manufacturing a hot-dip galvanized or galvannealed steel sheet having a TRIP microstructure, said process comprising the steps consisting in:—providing a steel sheet whose composition comprises, by weight: 0.01?C?0.22%, 0.50?Mn?2.0%, 0.2?Si?2.0%, 0.005?Al?2.0%, Mo<1.0%, Cr?1.0%, P<0.02%, Ti?0.20%, V?0.40%, Ni?1.0%, Nb?0.20%, the balance of the composition being iron and unavoidable impurities resulting from the smelting,—oxidizing said steel sheet in a direct flame furnace where the atmosphere comprises air and fuel with an air-to-fuel ratio between 0.80 and 0.95, so that a layer of iron oxide having a thickness from 0.05 to 0.2 ?m is formed on the surface of the steel sheet, and an internal oxide of Si and/or Mn and/or Al is formed,—reducing said oxidized steel sheet, at a reduction rate from 0.001 to 0.

Abstract: The invention relates to a metallurgical reactor for the treatment under reduced pressure of a liquid metal (1) such as steel, contained in a ladle (2), of the type comprising a chamber (25), connected to a gas-suction plant (30) which can maintain a reduced pressure therein, and two tubular snorkels (26, 27), the upper ends of which emerge in orifices (35, 36) made in the bottom (28) of the chamber (25) and the lower ends of which may be immersed in said liquid metal (1) contained in said ladle (2), one (26) of said snorkels, called the "ascending snorkel", having means (29) for injecting a gas into its internal space for the purpose of creating a circulatory motion in the liquid metal (1) between the ladle (2) and the chamber (25) during said treatment, the reactor also comprising an enclosure (17) which is provided with means (20) for injecting a gas into its internal space, these means being suitable for creating a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure in the enclosure (17), and the ladle (2) being p

Abstract: Process for the continuous casting of a fine metal wire, in which a jet of liquid metal is quenched and solidified in a layer of cooling liquid deposited on a surface in motion. The dispersal of the turbulence of the cooling liquid is accelerated upstream of the point of impact of the jet of metal on the liquid. The apparatus for carrying out the process comprises a grating arranged across the layer of cooling liquid between the outlet of the pipe feeding the cooling liquid onto the surface in motion and the point of penetration of the jet of metal into the cooling liquid.