Abstract: A method for arbitrating access to a data bus among subscribers or bus devices (Tn 1,Tn 2, . . . ), wherein the bus devices are coupled by at least one arbitration ring (12; 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48). The method comprises the following steps: a) requesting access by a first bus device; b) checking whether a first signal, which indicates that the arbitration ring is enabled, is present at an input (16) of the first bus device; c) if the first signal is present, outputting (18) a second signal by the first bus device; d) checking whether, at the end of a predetermined time period, the first signal is still present at the input (16) of the first bus device; and e) if the first signal is still present at the end of the predetermined time period, accessing the data bus by the first bus device.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for processing consistent data sets by asynchronous application of a subscriber in an isochronous, cyclical communication system. According to the invention, by connecting a communication memory and a consistency, transmission and reception buffer, copying processes leading ti delay can be kept to a minimum.

Abstract: Multilayer interference pigment consisting of a transparent carrier material coated with alternating layers of metal oxides of low and high refractive index, the difference in the refractive indices being at least 0.1, which is obtainable by alternate coating of the transparent carrier material with a metal oxide of high refractive index and with a metal oxide of low refractive index in a wet process by hydrolysis of the corresponding water-soluble metal compounds, separation, drying and, if desired, calcination of the resulting pigment.

Abstract: The invention relates to a multilayered interference pigment consisting of a transparent carrier material which is coated with alternating layers of colorless, non-absorbent metal oxides having a high and a low refractive index, the difference between the refractive indices being at least 0.1. The inventive pigment can be obtained by alternately coating the transparent carrier material with a metal oxide having a high refractive index and a metal oxide having a low refractive index according to the wet method, by hydrolysing the corresponding water-soluble, inorganic metal compounds, and separating, drying and optionally calcinating the obtained pigment.

Abstract: A method for the transmission of data messages in a switched cyclical communication system (38, 39) with a linear or ring arrangement of the users. Real-time critical data messages are transmitted in a first segment (20) of a transmission cycle (31), without the need to first plan the send and receive instants in the forwarding users, such that the chronological start (21) of the first segment (20) of a transmission cycle (31) is guaranteed by all users in all transmission cycles through monitoring. The duration of the first segment (20) of a transmission cycle (31) can be fixedly specified or automatically adjusted using a timeout procedure.

Abstract: The method carrying out permanent redundant transmission of data messages in disjunctive paths, such that circulating data messages can be reliably identified and destroyed. The method includes splitting a redundant message into two data messages in the respective branching point in a transparent manner. The method further includes causing no additional load for the receiver of the two identical messages by, for instance, allocating a current cycle number to the received data message in a cyclic communication system (26). This can also be ensured in a non-cyclic communication system by means of software processing, for instance, by processing the header identifier of the data messages. In particular, the behavior of the communication system (26) with respect to “learning” the addresses in the individual users (1, 2, 3, 4, 5), more particularly the switches, is not altered for the remaining non-redundant data traffic.

Abstract: A method for receiving data messages in communications systems having redundant network paths. Received data of a peripheral representation or image is routed to a node along at least two different network paths. This makes it possible to store a consistent peripheral representation or image in a memory (12) of a node, if there is a disturbance in the data transmission along one network path.

Abstract: A method for transmitting real time data packets in a cyclic communication system, each transmission cycle having a first partial cycle (IRT-Z) for a real time communication portion and a second partial cycle (NRT-Z) for a non-real-time communication portion. The method includes determination (118) of a cycle number and processing of a transmission sequence of real time data packets in the first partial cycle. The transmission sequence is composed of one or more partial sequences (1, 2, 3, 4, 5), and the composition depends on the cycle number.

Abstract: A method and a subscriber (100) of a data network (102) including a command unit (116) for accessing the data network (102); an operating assembly for operating a plurality of applications (104, 106, 108, . . . ) that access a data bus (110) of the subscriber (100); a first writer for a first one of the applications to write at least one command structure (118) into an address space of a memory of the subscriber (100) via the data bus (110); a second writer for the first application to write a pointer (124) to the address space into an input register (126) of the command unit (116) via the data bus (110); an enabling assembly for enabling the command unit (116) to access the address space via the data bus (110) and to process the command structure (118); and a third writer for writing the pointer (124) into an output register (136, 130) that is assigned to the first application, once the subscriber (100) has processed the command structure (118).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for operating an end-user of an isochronous cyclical communication system, comprising the following steps: receipt of a synchronisation data telegramme from a connecting user in the communication system by the end-user, whereby the synchronisation data telegramme is affected by the run time of a transmission run between the connecting user and the end-user, synchronisation of a time base of the end-user by means of the synchronisation data telegramme, resulting in a synchronisation of the time base with a tolerance corresponding to the run time, cyclical processing of a transmission list by the end user within a communication cycle corresponding to the time base of the end user, whereby the transmission of a data telegramme occurs according to the transmission list from the end user to the connecting user at the earliest at the beginning of the communication cycle and at the latest at a point equivalent to the tolerance before the projected transfer time point of the relevant

Abstract: The present invention relates to silver-colored luster pigments based on multiply coated platelet-shaped substrates, which has at least one layer sequence of TiO2, a colorless coating and another TiO2 layer. The pigment can optionally have an outer protective layer. These luster pigments are useful and to the use thereof in paints, coatings, printing inks, including security printing inks, plastics, ceramic materials, glasses, cosmetic formulations and for producing pigment preparations and dry product forms such as granules, chips, pellets and briquettes.

Abstract: A method for arbitrating access to a data bus among subscribers or bus devices (Tn 1, Tn 2, . . . ), wherein the bus devices are coupled by at least one arbitration ring (12; 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48). The method comprises the following steps: a) requesting access by a first bus device; b) checking whether a first signal, which indicates that the arbitration ring is enabled, is present at an input (16) of the first bus device; c) if the first signal is present, outputting (18) a second signal by the first bus device; d) checking whether, at the end of a predetermined time period, the first signal is still present at the input (16) of the first bus device; and e) if the first signal is still present at the end of the predetermined time period, accessing the data bus by the first bus device.

Abstract: A subscriber in a communication system (102) for transmitting and receiving data telegrams, wherein a data telegram includes reference data or user data and an identifier. The control of transmitting and receiving data telegrams is based on check data sets (122). A check data set includes an address for the reference data or user data and the identifier of the data telegram, which is assigned to the check data set. A transmission list (120) includes a first number of check data sets. A circuit unit (128) generates, based on a check data set of the transmission list, a data telegram to be transmitted. In addition, a second number (136, 138) of check data sets is provided. An assignment unit (140, 144) assigns a received data telegram to one of the check data sets of the second number of check data sets, wherein the assignment is carried out based on the identifier for the received data telegram.

Abstract: The invention relates to a transparent medium comprising multilayer pigments having angle-selective reflection or transmission properties and/or absorption properties, and to their use, in particular in transparent thermal insulation systems (TTIs).

Abstract: Multilayer interference pigment consisting of a transparent carrier material coated with alternating layers of metal oxides of low and high refractive index, the difference in the refractive indices being at least 0.1, which is obtainable by alternate coating of the transparent carrier material with a metal oxide of high refractive index and with a metal oxide of low refractive index in a wet process by hydrolysis of the corresponding water-soluble metal compounds, separation, drying and, if desired, calcination of the resulting pigment.

Abstract: The invention relates to multilayer reflective films and pigments showing selective reflection of light wherein the reflection characteristics are dependent on the viewing angle, characterized in that they comprises at least one reflective layer, at least one circular polarizing layer and optionally at least one optical retardation layer. The invention further relates to the use of these multilayer reflective films and pigments in optical elements, as coatings or in lacquers, inks or paints for cosmetic, decorative or security applications, to inks and paints comprising one or more multilayer reflective pigments dispersed in a light transmissive binder, and to security markings or devices comprising one or more multilayer reflective films or pigments.

Abstract: A PEM fuel cell includes a membrane and electrodes disposed on both sides of the membrane. Terminal plates adjacent to the electrodes delimit a sealed anode gas space and a sealed cathode gas space. An edge of the membrane and the edges of the terminal plates are shaped such that the edges of the terminal plates can be hooked into the edge of the membrane such that the sealed anode gas space and the sealed cathode gas space is formed between the membrane and a respective one of the terminal plates. A process for producing the PEM fuel cell includes fitting the edges of the membrane and the terminal plates into one another.

Abstract: A method for controlling the power of a fuel cell stack measures the oxygen partial pressure in the process gas, for example in the exhaust air of the fuel cell stack. A mass flow rate of air to be supplied to the fuel cell stack is set accordingly. A method for controlling the power of a drive unit of an electric vehicle and a fuel cell device are also provided.

Abstract: A colored interference pigment having a platelet-shaped layer as substrate, a coating of at least one metal oxide layer and, optionally, a further layer, at least two layers comprising or consisting of colorants.

Abstract: Multilayer interference pigment consisting of plateletlike titanium dioxide as carrier material, coated with alternating layers of metal oxides of low and high refractive index, the difference in the refractive indices being at least 0.1, which is obtainable by solidification and hydrolysis of an aqueous solution of a thermally hydrolyzable titanium compound on a continuous belt, detachment of the resulting coat, coating of the resulting titanium dioxide platelets, with or without drying in between, by a wet method with, alternately, a metal oxide hydrate of high refractive index and a metal oxide hydrate of low refractive index by hydrolysis of the corresponding, water-soluble metal compounds, separation, drying and, if desired, calcining of the material obtained.