Abstract: The present invention provides a system for coating substrates which are arranged within a vacuum chamber on a substrate holder which is situated at least partially in a coating range on whose both sides magnetron cathodes with magnet systems of permanent magnets with outside poles and inside poles are disposed, wherein the polarity of the magnet systems of the magnetron cathodes is such that poles of opposed polarity are opposite one another on both sides of the coating range; and on opposite sides of the coating range at least one magnet coil is disposed, and the oppositely situated magnet coils being connectable to a power source in such a manner that the fields of the magnet coils together make up a closed magnetic field, and that the polarity of the outside poles of the permanent magnet systems and of the magnet coils is the same.

Abstract: A device for coating substrates has a rectangular magnetron cathode 2 with a target, a substrate holder 16 that can be rotated around a rotating axis 17 which is parallel to the longitudinal edges of the target, a planar wall 20 made of a non-magnetic material and having longitudinal edges 21, 22 also parallel to the rotating axis 17. Behind the wall there is a magnet arrangement and the magnetron cathode 2 and the wall 20 are disposed on opposite sides of the rotating axis. The device further includes a planar anode. In order to intensify and the effect of the plasma and render it more uniform, the distance on the substrate path between the longitudinal edges 12, 13 of the target and the longitudinal edges 21, 22 of the wall parallel thereto is reduced by at least one additional wall 25, 26 with a magnet arrangement 27, 28 disposed therebehind.

Abstract: An etching method whereby a sufficiently high etching rate is attained, in a uniform surface treatment that is very gentle on projecting edges of the substrates. Also the substrates are held at or brought to a sufficiently high temperature by the etching process. The method for etching substrates with a magnetic-field supported low-pressure discharge is characterized in that the magnetic field is decoupled from the substrates such that the magnetic field strength at the substrates is less than 6000 A/m. In the space between the substrates and the magnet system at least one electron emitter is disposed at a location at which a magnetic field strength is present that is greater than the field strength at the substrates but equal to or less than 12,000 A/m. On the side of the substrates facing away from the at least one electron emitter, at least one anode is disposed with an anode potential of +10 to +250 V with respect to ground.

Abstract: An underlayer of at least one a carbonitride of titanium, zirconium, hafnium or vanadium or hafnium nitride may be under a surface layer at least containing gold or on a still-undermore decorative article, and preferably both. It has a brilliance approximating that of gold so that, when appropriately color matched to the surface layer, it disguises spots of the surface layer worn away in use of the article. The underlayer and surface layer may be deposited in a cathode vaporization process from corresponding metallic cathode targets in appropriate neutral or reactive atmospheres.

Abstract: To improve the stability of operation of a compact, single-ended fluoresc lamp under "base down" operation, and provide for a predetermined temperature "cold spot" defining the vapor pressure within the fluorescent lamp, and particularly for a lamp having four parallel tubular portions which are interconnected to form a continuous discharge vessel, one of the tubular portions which does not carry an electrode has a small tube or stub element (16) connected into a pinch seal terminating the particular tubular element, the stub element extending below the pinch seal and into the base of the lamp. The lamp is formed with two vertically arranged openings to provide for passage of cooling air, by thermal convection, from a lower opening (17), past the cooling tube or stub (16) and to an upper outlet vent opening (19).

Abstract: The amount of emitter paste which can be applied to the filament used in orescent tubes can be increased by winding the filament, as previously proposed, about an iron or molybdenum mandrel which can be dissolved; in contrast to the prior art, however, the wound filament is not annealed at a temperature which removes winding stresses but, rather, at a lower temperature of about for example 900.degree. C. for tungsten wire, thus retaining some of the winding stresses. Upon dissolving-out of the iron core or mandrel, the remaining stresses will cause adjacent windings of the filament to slightly relieve their stresses by springing back to some extent, resulting in relatively offset end portions of the wires with respect to each other, when the wires have been wound on a mandrel which has an essentially rectangular cross section in which the ratio of length to width--in cross section--is greater than 2.

Abstract: To reduce the operating temperature of a U-shaped or multiple U-bent fluocent lamp, the respective longitudinal and transverse sectional elements of the U-shaped lamp are so related that the outer generating line M.sub.Q of the individual transverse tube sections (4; 20, 21, 22) is substantially straight;the diameter D.sub.LQ in the tube bends (5, 6; 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28) at the transition between the longitudinal tube sections (2, 3; 16, 17, 18, 19) and the respective transverse tube sections (4; 20, 21, 22) is larger than the diameter D.sub.Q of the individual transverse tube sections in the middle thereof,and the diameter D.sub.Q of the transverse tube section is at least as large as the diameter D.sub.L of the longitudinal tube sections;a depression or dent can be formed at the center of the outer surface of the transverse tube section, and the corners of the transverse tube section can include additional heat dissipating material to further reduce the operating temperature.

Abstract: The lamp has a pinch seal which surrounds a mounting structure carrying l-in wires of the filament;the front face (7) terminating the lamp envelope end forms substantially a plane, and is arranged at right angle to the generated surface of the lamp envelope (1) with the transition of these two surfaces to one another being substantially in the shape of a circumferential edge,the length of the pinch seal (2) extending from the front face (7) on the axis of the lamp envelope is from 0.2 to 0.4 times the external diameter of the lamp envelope (1),and the width of the pinch seal is close to the external diameter of the lamp envelope. To form this shape, the lamp is introduced into a die, with the envelope softened and, during execution of the pinch operation, excess gas pressure is applied to the interior of the lamp envelope so that the lamp envelope will accurately follow the shape of the pinch jaws similar to a blow-molding operation.

Abstract: Apparatus for monitoring a plasma process in which a plasma is formed to occupy a specified region, which apparatus is composed of: a mass spectrometer system including a mass analyzer having an ion inlet and an ion outlet and an ion detector disposed in operative association with the ion outlet; an output device connected to the detector for providing an output signal representative of the mass spectrum of ions observed by the mass spectrometer system; and an ion-optical system having an inlet opening located in the vicinity of the specified region and disposed for extracting ions from the plasma and focussing the ions thus extracted onto the ion inlet of the analyzer, whereby the output signal produced by the output device is representative of the mass spectrum of ions in the plasma.

Abstract: A method of chilling articles and materials, especially for the embrittlement thereof prior to comminution, wherein a cooling-gas stream is produced from a deep-cooled liquefied gas and the cooling-gas stream is passed into direct contact with the materials to chill the same. The invention comprises evaporating the liquefied gas to produce a first cold gas stream into indirect heat exchange with an evaporating fluid (of an independent refrigerating cycle) to cool the further gas stream and generate therefrom a second cold gas stream, and mixing the first and second cold gas streams to form a mixture which is brought into direct contact with the materials as part of the cooling thereof.

Abstract: A conveyor-distributor apparatus for handling flat rectangular items, has a horizontal conveyor channel; a support face defining the conveyor channel floor on which the lower edges of the substantially upright oriented items are guided; and a plurality of consecutive deflector switches arranged along the conveying path of the conveyor channel. A guiding device is connected to each deflector switch for changing the orientation of the deflected items from the position they assumed in the conveyor channel to a flat-lying, stacking position. Each guiding device is constituted by a slide that comprises a curved deflecting surface having a first surface portion which adjoins the associated deflector switch and which is in alignment with the plane of the items as they emerge from the deflector switch subsequent to their deflection thereby.