Abstract: An electrochemical gas sensor with a stacked arrangement of electrodes and nonwoven layers arranged in parallel, comprising at least one measuring electrode (3) and at least one counterelectrode (5). A porous membrane (8) that is permeable to air is in contact with the stacked arrangement of electrodes and nonwoven layers arranged in parallel at least on one side, at least one layer of a hydrophilic nonwoven (7) is located between the electrodes. The porous membrane (8) that is permeable to air and the hydrophilic nonwoven (7) extend into a separate equalization volume (9), which is filled with electrolyte at least partially and is located at least partially in one plane with the electrodes. The separate equalization volume (9) surrounds the electrode arrangement at least partially in this plane, and the porous membrane (8) that is permeable to air is exposed to ambient pressure at least in partial areas.

Abstract: A breath alcohol measuring device includes a flow chamber, for receiving exhaled breathing gas of a person, with a flow diaphragm. A differential pressure sensor has a first measuring connection via a first gas line (5) to the interior space of the flow chamber (2) upstream of the flow diaphragm (3), and a second measuring connection via second and third gas lines (12, 15) and a breath alcohol sensor (8) to the interior space of the flow chamber (2) downstream of the flow diaphragm (3). A throttling element (14) is present in the second gas line (12). The second gas line (12) is connected to a sampling system (9, 10), and an evaluating and control unit (6) is connected to the sensors (4, 8) and to the sampling system (9, 10) for controlling the sampling system.

Abstract: A gas sensor (1) with a detector element (2), which is specific to a gas to be measured and sends a measured signal that depends on the measured gas concentration, has increased measuring sensitivity for measurements in the concentration range from less than 1 ppb to a few ppb. The detector element (2) is exposed in a gas admission adapter (4) to a gas to be measured via a diaphragm (3) arranged in front of the detector element (2), wherein the gas admission adapter (4) has at least a first opening (20) for the entry of the gas to be measured as well as at least a second opening (30), which is connected with a pressure modulator, which generates periodic gas pressure vibrations in the gas admission adapter (4) and is designed, for example, as a pump (5).

Abstract: An electrochemical gas sensor with a stacked arrangement of electrodes and nonwoven layers arranged in parallel, comprising at least one measuring electrode (3) and at least one counterelectrode (5). A porous membrane (8) that is permeable to air is in contact with the stacked arrangement of electrodes and nonwoven layers arranged in parallel at least on one side, at least one layer of a hydrophilic nonwoven (7) is located between the electrodes. The porous membrane (8) that is permeable to air and the hydrophilic nonwoven (7) extend into a separate equalization volume (9), which is filled with electrolyte at least partially and is located at least partially in one plane with the electrodes. The separate equalization volume (9) surrounds the electrode arrangement at least partially in this plane, and the porous membrane (8) that is permeable to air is exposed to ambient pressure at least in partial areas.

Abstract: A gas sensor (1) with a detector element (2), which is specific of the gas to be measured and sends a measured signal that depends on the measured gas concentration, has increased measuring sensitivity for measurements in the concentration range from less than 1 ppb to a few ppb. The detector element (2) is exposed in a gas admission adapter (4) to a gas to be measured via a diaphragm (3) arranged in front of it, wherein the gas admission adapter (4) has at least a first opening (20) for the entry of the gas to be measured as well as at least a second opening (30), which is connected with a pressure modulator, which generates periodic gas pressure vibrations in the gas admission adapter (4) and is designed, for example, as a pump (5).

Abstract: A breath alcohol measuring device in which errors in operation can be recognized and more accurate measurement results can be obtained. The device includes a flow chamber for receiving the exhaled breathing gas volume of a person being tested and is provided with a flow diaphragm. A differential pressure sensor (4) bridges over the flow diaphragm, with a first measuring connection of the differential pressure sensor (4) connected via a first gas line (5) to the interior space of the flow chamber (2) upstream of the flow diaphragm (3), and a second measuring connection of the differential pressure sensor (4) is connected via second and third gas lines (12, 15) and a breath alcohol sensor (8) to the interior space of the flow chamber (2) downstream of the flow diaphragm (3). A throttling element (14) is present in the second gas line (12).

Abstract: A process for continuous casting of a metal comprises continuously withdrawing a strand of the metal from a mold along a strand withdrawal direction, measuring the expansion of an inside wall of the mold along the strand withdrawal direction to obtain a component of inside wall expansion in the strand withdrawal direction due to mechanical forces exerted on the inside wall, and controlling the speed of withdrawal based on the component of inside wall expansion in the strand withdrawal direction due to mechanical forces. If the component of inside wall expansion of in the strand withdrawal direction due to mechanical forces exceeds certain limit values, the withdrawal step is slowed or interrupted, thereby eliminating break-outs due to cobbles. In an embodiment of the invention, expansion measurements are also taken along a direction transverse to the withdrawal direction, enabling the elimination of the component of expansion in the withdrawal direction due to heat.

Abstract: A method for producing a steel strip which has been cast as a stand in a cooled oscillating continuous chill mould, comprises squeezing the strand emerging from the chill mould until it has a first cross-sectional thickness (40-50 mm), followed by hot rolling the strand until it has a second cross-sectional thickness (2-25 mm). Deviations in the normal path of travel of the strand following hot rolling are corrected by adjusting the thickness to which the strand is subjected during the first squeezing step.

Abstract: An arrangement and method is provided for electronically calibrating electrochemical sensors for determining partial pressures in physiological media. In an electrochemical sensor arrangement for sensing such partial pressures, a working electrode with an electropotential which varies relative to time is calibrated by varying the limit oxygen reduction current thereof as a function of the quotient of the potential of a calibration electrode and the measured potential of the working electrode.