Abstract: The process according to the invention reduces the effort required to shape a glass piece. In this process a liquid glass piece is provided on a structured supporting surface of an electrically conducting base. A voltage is applied across the liquid glass piece by connecting a voltage source between a contact position on the liquid glass piece and the electrically conducting base. The apparatus for performing the process has an electrically conducting base on which the liquid glass piece is supported and a device for applying a voltage between a contact position on the liquid glass piece and the electrically conducting base.

Abstract: Wavelength control and stabilization of a laser is achieved by a practical, inexpensive, and accurate technique adapted for most optical transmission system applications by a method involving a laser characterization phase and a laser wavelength control and stabilization phase. This technique is applicable to both single mode lasers and multimode lasers. It is especially useful in those applications where the desired laser output power can vary over a wide range, including relatively low power above the lasing threshold.

Abstract: The dependency of intensity noise is used to determine the wavelength difference between a laser diode gain peak and a reflection peak of a fiber grating in a fiber grating type laser diode. Monitoring and determining the relative noise intensity of such a laser enables the control of the laser diode or the fiber grating such that the intensity noise is as low as possible. Such an approach enables the use of a fiber grating type laser diode as Raman pumps in high-speed transmission systems where low intensity noise is a requirement, especially when the Raman pump power propagates in the same direction as the transmission signals (known as Raman co-pumps).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for reducing the adhesion tendency during the hot forming of a glass body, using at least two moulds, which are positioned on either side of the glass body and are brought into contact with the glass body at a temperature, at which the glass is deformable, whereby the moulds are configured with electrically conductive surfaces. The disadvantage of existing methods and devices is that the moulds have a tendency to adhere to the glass body to be formed and that the surface quality of the glass is impaired. The invention therefore discloses a method, according to which the conductive surfaces of the moulds that come into contact with the glass body are supplied with an alternating current. The device for carrying out said method has electrically conductive mould surfaces, which are connected to an alternating current source. This guarantees that a larger processing window is available as a result of the reduced adhesion tendency, i.e.

Abstract: Raman amplification is used in optical transmission systems, devices and/or components. An object of the invention is to provide a new and improved way of proceeding for applying Raman amplification avoiding or suppressing detrimental and hence undesirable non-linear effects when applying Raman amplification to respective optical devices. The invention proposes to apply Raman amplification in an optical device by firstly determining a pump power (3) necessary for providing Raman amplification and then by providing a low spectral power density by pumping the optical device with pump power (3) at a relatively broad pump power spectrum and preferably a low spectral pump power amplitude such that the total output pump power (3) remains sufficiently high.

Abstract: The process according to the invention reduces the effort required to shape a glass piece. In this process a liquid glass piece is provided on a structured supporting surface of an electrically conducting base. A voltage is applied across the liquid glass piece by connecting a voltage source between a contact position on the liquid glass piece and the electrically conducting base. The apparatus for performing the process has an electrically conducting base on which the liquid glass piece is supported and a device for applying a voltage between a contact position on the liquid glass piece and the electrically conducting base.

Abstract: In an optically amplified wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) system having a WDM signal comprising a plurality of optical channels, the per-channel gain of the optical channels is kept relatively constant despite changes in input power at the optical amplifier, such as when individual optical channels of the WDM signal are added and dropped. More specifically, gain of an optical amplifier is controlled by controlling the amount of pump power supplied to the optical amplifier as a function of changes in input power which are measured in a feed-forward monitoring path. The amount of pump power for effecting gain control is adjusted according to a scaled relationship to the measured input power of the optical amplifier. By controlling the pump power directly in response to changes in input power, gain of the optical amplifier can be controlled within a sub-microsecond time scale from the time that a change in input power is detected.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are described for controlling response to power transients in an optically amplified wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) network when WDM optical channels are added and dropped, during network reconfigurations, during failure events, and so on. In one embodiment, a variable bandwidth filter circuit operates at a first prescribed bandwidth during a first time period &tgr;0 to detect a change in signal power (i.e., power transient) caused by a transient event, and operates at a second prescribed bandwidth that is less than the first prescribed bandwidth after the first period of time elapses, e.g., &tgr;0+&Dgr;&tgr;, to substantially suppress low level signal variations, such as remnants of the power transient. In this way, the power transient related to the actual transient event will be preserved to trigger control circuitry, e.g.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an optical transmission system for compensation of dispersion in optical transmission lines in which dispersion compensation fibers are applied, with the dispersion compensation fibers being arranged at the beginning as well as at the end of the line segments of the optical fibers forming the transmission line. The signal distortions due to non-linear effects are reduced by making use of the recognition that non-linearities should only occur at as small as possible an accumulated dispersion. This is obtained by an unequal division of the dispersion compensation fiber applied for the compensation of the dispersion of the optical fiber, with the part of the dispersion compensation fiber attached at the beginning of a line segment being directly connected to the optical fiber and having an accumulated dispersion which is smaller as to amount than the accumulated dispersion of the part of the dispersion compensation fiber attached at the end of the optical fiber.

Abstract: Linearity of an RF/microwave power amplifier is enhanced by an amplitude and phase distortion correction mechanism based upon signal envelope feedback, that operates directly on the RF signal passing through the power amplifier. A phase-amplitude controller responds to changes in gain and phase through the RF/microwave power amplifier signal path caused by changes in RF input power, DC power supply voltages, time, temperature and other variables, and controls the operation of a gain and phase adjustment circuit, so as to maintain constant gain and transmission phase through the RF/microwave power amplifier.

Abstract: The method of electrochemical determination of oxygen partial pressure in ionic melts includes providing a metal/metal oxide reference electrode consisting of an electrode body made of a metal selected from the group consisting of Mo, W, Hf, Nb and Ta and alloys thereof and a layer of an oxide of that metal on the electrode body; immersing a pure platinum electrode and the metal/metal oxide reference electrode in a glass melt; measuring a potential across the metal/metal oxide reference electrode and the pure platinum electrode immersed in the glass melt to obtain a measured potential characteristic of the oxygen partial pressure in the glass melt; obtaining a calibration curve relating the potential across said reference electrode and the pure platinum electrode to the oxygen partial pressure in the glass melt as a function of temperature; and obtaining the oxygen partial pressure in the glass melt from the measured potential and the calibration curve.

Abstract: A process for controlling the operation of a textile draw frame wherein a plurality of fiber slivers are fed to the draw frame at a predetermined desired delivery speed includes monitoring the presence of individual fiber slivers delivered to the draw frame and decreasing the delivery speed of the draw frame if any of the monitored fiber slivers is indicated as missing from being fed to the draw frame. The process includes subsequently increasing the delivery speed of the draw frame if the respective missing fiber slivers are again indicated as being fed to the draw frame. The invention also includes a draw frame including apparatus for carrying out the controlling process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a measuring device to measure the oxygen partial pressure, in particular, glass melts, comprising a platinum measuring electrode and a reference electrode arrangement. The reference electrode arrangement is placed in an outer pipe and contains a platinum reference electrode. The electrode protrudes into an oxygen-conducting solid electrolyte, through which an oxygen-containing reference gas flows. For ion-conducting contact with the melt, a rod-shaped contact element of oxygen-ion conducting material is inserted into the open lower end of the outer pipe. This contact element is immersed in the melt. To prevent the inflow of environmental vapors into the measuring space through leaks at this connecting point, the actual measuring arrangement is placed in a liner pipe of oxygen-ion conducting material whose lower end is in ion-conducting contact with the contact element by way of an oxygen-ion conducting powdered material.

Abstract: An apparatus for the recombination of hydrogen and oxygen with the aid of a catalyst includes a vertically extending tube having end surfaces. A catalyst body is disposed in the tube. Stoppers close the end surfaces of the tube and open as a function of at least one parameter from the group consisting of pressure and temperature.

Abstract: A plurality of spindles of a textile machine are all mechanically interconnected and individually grouped, the individual groups of the spindles are driven by respective polyphase electric motors having respective feed lines all connected in parallel to the output lines of a polyphase electric power supply. Either the current or the voltage of the supply is maintained generally constant independent of load and a characteristic of the electricity in the feed lines of only one of the motors is monitored in the constant-current system or in the output lines of the supply in the constant-voltage system. An alarm, for example an optical or acoustic signal or just an indication on a display or printout, is generated when the characteristic of the electricity in any one of the monitored lines varies substantially from that of the other monitored lines.

Abstract: In a blow-off device for limiting excess pressure in nuclear power plants, a condensation tube disposed so that a lower outlet end thereof is immersed in a volume of water in a condensation chamber having a gas cushion located in a space above the volume of water, and an upper inlet end of the condensation tube extends out of the volume of water and is connectible to a source of steam that is to be condensed or a steam-air mixture, the outlet end of the tube, for stabilizing the condensation, being provided with a base member at the mouth of the tube for limiting steam flows discharging in axial direction of the tube and being formed with lateral outlet openings for subdividing the steam flow and the bubbles produced in the volume of water, the base member at the tube mouth being formed at a conical insert member having a base fastened to the condensation tube in vicinity of the mouth thereof and having an apex extending into the tube mouth, the lateral outlet openings being disposed at least within the axial

Abstract: In a blow-off device for limiting excess pressure in nuclear power plants, a condensation tube disposed so that a lower outlet end thereof is immersed in a volume of water in a condensation chamber having a gas cushion located in a space above the volume of water, and an upper inlet end of the condensation tube extends out of the volume of water and is connectible to a source of steam that is to be condensed or a steam-air mixture, the outlet end of the condensation tube being further provided with a base member at the mouth of the outlet end for limiting steam flows discharging in axial direction of the tube, and being formed with lateral openings subdividing the steam flow and bubbles produced in the volume of water, the lateral outlet openings being formed of slots widening toward the end of the condensation tube, the slots being distributed over the periphery of the outlet end of the condensation tube.

Abstract: In a blow-off device for limiting excess pressure in nuclear power plants, at least one condensation tube disposed so that a lower outflow end thereof is immersed in a volume of water in a condensation chamber having a gas cushion located in a space above the volume of water, and an upper inflow end of the condensation tube extends out of the volume of water and is connectible to a source of steam that is to be condensed or a steam-air mixture, the outflow end of the condensation tube, for stabilizing the condensation being provided with an assembly of wall parts forming passageways extending in axial direction for subdividing the steam flow and bubbles produced in the volume of water, the passageways of the assembly of wall parts being stepped in axial direction at both axial ends of the assembly of wall parts.

Abstract: A paper web is continuously moved by rotary drive rollers through a series of printing machines having pairs of printing rollers movable between inoperative and printing positions, and controlled and operated so that successive web sections are imprinted by the correlated printing machines only once whereby a plurality of type areas representing printed pages are printed on both sides of each web section in a predetermined pattern. After cutting of the web sections into sheets, and after collecting and folding the sheets, consecutive printed pages follow each other in a folded book.

Abstract: Linearity of an RF/microwave power amplifier is enhanced by an amplitude and phase distortion correction mechanism based upon signal envelope feedback, that operates directly on the RF signal passing through the power amplifier. A phase-amplitude controller responds to changes in gain and phase through the RF/microwave power amplifier signal path caused by changes in RF input power, DC power supply voltages, time, temperature and other variables, and controls the operation of a gain and phase adjustment circuit, so as to maintain constant gain and transmission phase through the RF/microwave power amplifier.