Abstract: An electrooptic device (2), and the methods for manufacturing, including a liquid crystal material (12) disposed between electroded flat glass or polymer substrates (4, 20) which have been precoated with a e.g. a chiral smectic surface layer (10, 14) in such way that the surface layer is able to mediate switching of the liquid crystal (12) between different optical states. The chiral smectic surface layer can be a polymer, oligomer or monomer liquid crystal with paraelectric, ferroelectric, ferrielectric or antiferroelectric response, which is insoluble in the liquid crystal used for the bulk (12) between the electroded substrates (4, 20). the switchable surface director enforces a certain orientation of the optic axis in the bulk liquid crystal (12), which can be a conventional non-chiral or chiral nematic or smectic in a twisted or non-twisted configuration.

Abstract: Devices useful for storage of information which comprises mixtures of suitable chiral materials with nematic liquid crystals and in which by irradiation with light of two different wavelengths the chirality of the mixture can be reversibly switched between two stable states of different chirality, corresponding to two states of different optical properties.

Abstract: An electrooptic device (2), and the methods for manufacturing, including a liquid crystal material (12) disposed between electroded flat glass or polymer substrates (4, 20) which have been precoated with a e.g. a chiral smectic surface layer (10, 14) in such way that the surface layer is able to mediate switching of the liquid crystal (12) between different optical states. The chiral smectic surface layer can be a polymer, oligomer or monomer liquid crystal with paraelectric, ferroelectric, ferrielectric or antiferroelectric response, which is insoluble in the liquid crystal used for the bulk (12) between the electroded substrates (4, 20). the switchable surface director enforces a certain orientation of the optic axis in the bulk liquid crystal (12), which can be a conventional non-chiral or chiral nematic or smectic in a twisted or non-twisted configuration.

Abstract: A nematic liquid crystal composition having a low viscosity is provided, which composition is obtained by mixing two kinds of liquid crystal compositions having a difference of evaporation heats of 800 cal/mol or more and forming no complex; and by notably reducing its viscosity as compared with its ideal viscosity, improvement in the response speed of display element has become possible.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device based upon the actuation principle of light scattering, and having low voltage-driving properties and a high contrast, and a process for producing the same are provided. The device is characterized in that it is provided with two substrates which may have an electrode layer and at least one of which is transparent, a light-modulating layer being present between the two substrates and having a liquid crystal material and transparent liquid substance insoluble therein, the transparent liquid substance being present in the form of micro-droplets in the liquid crystal material. The device exhibits a short response time, a bright display and a large contrast even under a condition of low driving voltage of 40 V or lower, and a clean threshold voltage to thereby effect a multiplex drive. Therefore, the device is applicable to a large size display element and can be produced very simply and cheaply.

Abstract: Liquid crystalline ferroelectric derivatives of branched acyclic alpha-chlorocarboxylic acids of the general formula I ##STR1## wherein n=0 or 1; m=0 or 1, o=0 or 1; p=0 or 1X=--COO--, --OOC--, or --CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --Y=X, --CH.sub.2 --, --N.dbd.N--, or --N.dbd.N(O)--, ##STR2## It was discovered that, by reacting chiral alpha-chlorocarboxylic acids or alpha-chlorocarboxylic acid chlorides or bromides, synthesized from natural alpha-amino acids by reaction with nitric and hydrochloric acids, with appropriate hydroxy compounds directly or in the presence of strongly dehydrating substances, preferably carbodiimides, liquid crystalline ferroelectric substances of the general formula I are formed.The inventive substances by themselves, in mixtures with one another as well as with other liquid crystalline substances or substances which are not liquid crystalline, can form liquid crystalline ferroelectric phases, which make them suitable for use in displays.

Abstract: 2,5-substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazoles of the general formula ##STR1##The aforementioned compounds are used in amounts of 0.1 to 80 mole percent in mixtures for electrooptical arrangements for the modulation of transmitted and reflected light, as well as for the colored or black-and-white display of numerals, symbols and moving or still pictures. The compounds endow the liquid-crystalline mixtures with an extended phase field of the smectic C phase, negative dielectric anisotropy and the property of forming optically active C phases upon admixture with optically active compounds.

Abstract: Compounds of the general formula C.sub.m H.sub.2m+2, wherein m signifies 10 to 35, are added to liquid crystalline nematic substances to shorten the switching time of the substances when used in opto-electronic components.

Abstract: Liquid crystalline 2,6-disubstituted trans-1,3-dioxadecalins of the general formula ##STR1## are well suited as components of low double refraction for mixtures which are utilized in opto-electronic components.

Abstract: Nematic liquid crystalline substances as additives in mixtures for electro-optical systems for the rendition of numbers, symbols and images. The additives provide new liquid crystalline substances of broad mesophase ranges which improve the chemical stability of the substance mixtures. It has been found that liquid crystalline 5-alkyl-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid esters of the general formula ##STR1## are suitable for utilization in mixtures for electro-optical displays for the rendition of numbers, symbols and images.

Abstract: New liquid-crystalline esters of the 4-[(4-alkyl-cyclohexyl)-methyl]-benzoic acids or cyclohexanecarboxylic acids which are suitable for electro-optical displays have the general formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 =C.sub.n H.sub.2n+1R.sup.2 =H, ##STR2## wherein n=an integer from 1 to 10,m=an integer from 1 to 10,S=an integer from 1 to 10.

Abstract: A mixing component for nematic liquid-crystalline substances used in optoelectronic components for the rendition of numbers, symbols and images. The object of the invention is to reduce, in components for nematic liquid crystal substances, the threshold and operating voltages. It has been found, that the addition of one or more 1-oxa-2,6,7-trioxane-1-phospha-bicyclo-derivatives having the general formula ##STR1## wherein ##STR2## with R.sup.1 =C.sub.n H.sub.2n+1 --, C.sub.n H.sub.2n+1 O--, C.sub.n H.sub.2n+1 COO--, C.sub.n H.sub.2n+1 OCOO--, R.sup.2 +C.sub.n H.sub.2n=1 --with n=an integer from 1 to 10to nematic liquid crystal substances, considerably reduces the operating voltage.

Abstract: Nematic liquid crystalline mixtures, which can be used in optoelectronic components. Compounds are provided which influence the characteristics of mixtures in the direction of high clarification temperatures at simultaneous favorable switching times. It has been found that compounds of the general formula ##STR1## wherein n, m=1 to 10 in nematic mixtures in quantities of 5 to 40% considerably increase the clarification points without significantly increasing the viscosity, so that favorable switching times are obtained. The new mixtures can be used for the production of optoelectronic components (displays) for watches, computers and other devices.

Abstract: The invention relates to liquid crystal compounds for the guest-host effect having a positive contrast, pure red color and exhibiting excellent stability. The compounds herein are derivatives of tetrazine of the general formula: ##STR1## in which m and n are 1 to 10. Other related compounds, mixtures and compositions thereof, and opto-electronic displays are described also.

Abstract: 2-Substituted-5-(1-alkyl-piperid-yl)-1,3-dioxanes of the formula I ##STR1## wherein R= ##STR2## R.sup.1 =--C.sub.n H.sub.2n+1, --OC.sub.n H.sub.2n+1, --OOCC.sub.n H.sub.2n+1, --COC.sub.n H.sub.2n+1, --OOCOC.sub.n H.sub.2n+1, --F, --Cl, --Br, --I, --NO.sub.2, --CN --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 CN, ##STR3## and n=1 to 10, are novel liquid crystalline compounds, which can be produced in high yields by means of reacting 2-(1-alkyl-piperid-4-yl)-propane-1,3-diols with aldehydes in the presence of acid catalysts, such as p-toluenesulfonic acid, mineral acids and Lewis acids. Because of their high thermal and chemical stability, which is also transferred to mixtures, the compounds of the formula I are very well suited for utilization in optoelectronic displays.

Abstract: What is described is an improved opto-electronic component and display which uses novel liquid crystal nematic substances for the control of the light transmission and for the display of numbers symbols and images. The novel nematic liquid crystal substances herein, which exhibit high clearing temperatures, low working temperatures and rapid switching times, are 7-alkyl-perhydrophenanthren-2-carboxylic acids and esters thereof.

Abstract: Liquid crystal substituted 1,3-dioxanes and mixtures containing the same.The invention relates to liquid crystal substituted 1,3-dioxanes and substances containing the same, for electro-optical arrays for the modulation of incident or transmitted light as well as for the reproduction of figures, symbols and images.The object of the invention is nematic liquid-crystal substances with favorable properties with respect to melting and clear points, stability toward thermal stress, effect of light, chemicals and electric fields as well as loss of color and processes for their production.The object is accomplished by the creation of new nematic liquid-crystal substances.According to the invention, liquid crystal 2,5-disubstituted derivatives of 1,3-dioxane of the general formula ##STR1## are proposed, wherein ##STR2## The new substances may be used in mixtures containing at least one of the substances according to the invention.

Abstract: A mixture consisting essentially of 5-40 mol-% of component B and the balance component A, component B consisting essentially of 5-n-propyl-2-(4-cyanophenyl)-1,3 dioxane and component A consisting essentially of 60-70 mol-% of 4-n-butylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid and 30-40 mol-% of 4-n-hexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid, has superior liquid crystal properties for use in electrooptical devices.

Abstract: The invention relates to nematic liquid crystals, especially for electro-optical components for the modulation of transmitted or reflected light, as well as for the display of numbers, symbols and images, exhibiting favorable physical characteristics, as well as to a method for the production of the new substances.It has been found that new liquid crystal 2-substituted-1,3-dioxane-5-carboxylic acid esters of the general formula ##STR1## are suited for use in electro-optical components for the modulation of the light, as well as for the display of numbers, symbols and images, and can be used alone, in mixtures with each other and/or in mixtures with additional liquid crystal or non-liquid crystal substances.

Abstract: The invention relates to nematic liquid crystals in electro-optical components for the modulation of light as well as for the representation of numerals, signs and images and to a method for producing the same.It is the object of the invention to create nematic liquid crystals which are well suited for electro-optical devices, preferably for two-frequency operation.It has been found that pure or mixed 2-n-alkyl-1, 4-bis-[4-acyloxy]-benzenes of the general formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.3 =n-C.sub.m H.sub.2m+1, with m=3 to 14, are well suited for utilization in electro-optical components.It was found that 2-n-alkyl-1,4-bis-[acyloxy]-benzene which is well suited for electro-optical components, and especially for two-frequency operations, can be produced by the conversion of a correspondingly substituted benzoic acid or cyclohexane carboxylic acid or a reaction-capable derivative thereof with the corresponding 2-n-alkylhydroquinone--also in the form of its phenylate--at a temperature ranging from 0.degree. C.