Abstract: Determining the fluorescence in a layer system, such as the eye. The summary decay behavior of the fluorescence is evaluated. Points of origin of individual fluorescence of the layer system are determined. The time of origin (tci) of each fluorescence in the individual layers of the layer system are determined using layer-specific, time-dependent parameters for the relevant fluorescence. The parameters indicate the time of origin of the fluorescence in the relevant layer. The parameters are used in a model function for calculating the summary decay behavior of the fluorescence.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for precisely determining the fluorescence in a layer system, such as the eye. The object of the invention is to provide a method that is as simple and requires as little effort as possible for evaluating the fluorescence in a layer system, by means of which the summary decay behavior of the fluorescence can be evaluated very precisely, and by means of which the points of origin of the individual fluorescences of the layer system can be determined at the same time. According to the invention, the time of origin (tci) of each fluorescence in the individual layers of the layer system are determined in that layer-specific, time-dependent parameters are determined for the relevant fluorescences, said parameters each indicating the time of origin of the fluorescence in the relevant layer, and said parameters being considered in the model function for calculating the summary decay behavior of the fluorescence.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for the spectrometric determination of the oxygen saturation of blood in the presence of optical disturbance variables in which transmission measurements and reflection measurements are carried out in at least two wavelengths that are isosbestic for hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin, and at least one other wavelength at which the extinction of hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin differ. Corresponding auxiliary functions are defined in the measurement spectrum (M) and in the reference spectra of hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin, at least two of the measurement values or two of the reference values for the isosbestic wavelengths lying on this auxiliary function. A corrected measurement spectrum (M?) is generated by means of the two auxiliary functions. The oxygen saturation is determined by comparing the changed data of this corrected measurement spectrum (M?) with the data of the reference spectra at the other wavelength.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for the spectrometric determination of the oxygen saturation of blood in the presence of optical disturbance variables in which transmission measurements and reflection measurements are carried out in at least two wavelengths that are isosbestic for hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin, and at least one other wavelength at which the extinction of hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin differ. Corresponding auxiliary functions are defined in the measurement spectrum (M) and in the reference spectra of hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin, at least two of the measurement values or two of the reference values for the isosbestic wavelengths lying on this auxiliary function. A corrected measurement spectrum (M?) is generated by the two auxiliary functions. The oxygen saturation is determined by comparing the changed data of this corrected measurement spectrum (M?) with the data of the reference spectra at the other wavelength.

Abstract: An arrangement and method for determining the two-dimensional distribution of fundus pigments, particularly of the xanthophyll macular pigment. The arrangement for carrying out the method comprises an illumination unit which illuminates the retina via an illumination beam path directed to the ocular fundus, observation optics located in the observation beam path proceeding from the ocular fundus, an image processing unit, elements for beam deflection and a central controlling and evaluating unit. In the method, a two-dimensional reflection image of the retina is recorded in a selected narrow-band wavelength region. In evaluating this two-dimensional reflection image, site-specific areas are established for determining the optical density and comparison values.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for the spectrometric determination of the oxygen saturation of blood in the presence of optical disturbance variables in which transmission measurements and reflection measurements are carried out in at least two wavelengths that are isosbestic for hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin, and at least one other wavelength at which the extinction of hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin differ. Corresponding auxiliary functions are defined in the measurement spectrum (M) and in the reference spectra of hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin, at least two of the measurement values or two of the reference values for the isosbestic wavelengths lying on this auxiliary function. A corrected measurement spectrum (M?) is generated by the two auxiliary functions. The oxygen saturation is determined by comparing the changed data of this corrected measurement spectrum (M?) with the data of the reference spectra at the other wavelength.

Abstract: Method for the removal of waste products generated while removing materials in transparent objects by way of laser-induced breakdown. The task was to quickly and safely remove the solid, liquid or gaseous waste products generated inside the object during the treatment of the material by laser. According to the invention, for the free or forced exit from the object of the waste products generated through breakdown, at least one canal, preferably of a capillary diameter, is created or opened inside the object between the ablation area of the laser material treatment and the object's exterior. The method is used in laser-induced material treatment inside of transparent objects, in particular during the intrastromal ablation of tissues of the cornea of the eye for defective vision correction.

Abstract: An arrangement and method for determining the two-dimensional distribution of fundus pigments, particularly of the xanthophyll macular pigment. The arrangement for carrying out the method comprises an illumination unit which illuminates the retina via an illumination beam path directed to the ocular fundus, observation optics located in the observation beam path proceeding from the ocular fundus, an image processing unit, elements for beam deflection and a central controlling and evaluating unit. In the method, a two-dimensional reflection image of the retina is recorded in a selected narrow-band wavelength region. In evaluating this two-dimensional reflection image, site-specific areas are established for determining the optical density and comparison values.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining fluorophores on objects, especially on the living ocular fundus, which makes it possible to reliably distinguish at least partially overlapping fluorophores of objects in excitation and/or fluorescence spectra even if fluorescence intensities are very low and to select them for analysis, and optionally create a two-dimensional representation. The object (4), e.g., the ocular fundus for ophthalmological examinations, is illuminated point to point with a pulsed laser (1) and excited to autofluorescence with two-dimensional extension. The transient fluorescence light created after excitation by each laser pulse is detected in time-correlated individual photon counting (11). From the time behavior of the fluorescence light determined by individual photon counting for each site of autofluorescence, the fluorescence decay time constants are calculated, and conclusions are drawn therefrom regarding the excited fluorophores in the object (4).

Abstract: A laser scanning ophthalmoscope with at least a first scanner, wherein a scanning movement is generated at least in a first direction, wherein the illumination of the eye is effected alternately with different wavelengths during the scanning movement in the first direction and a first image is received for a first illumination wavelength and a second image is received for a second illumination wavelength, and a plurality of images which are received in this way are compared with one another and correction values are determined from the object displacement of images received at an illumination wavelength for the images received at the other respective illumination wavelength.

Abstract: An arrangement for spatially resolved acquisition of an object which is illuminated by an illumination arrangement, wherein a relative movement is generated between the illumination arrangement and the object by moving the object and/or the illumination arrangement and, in addition to at least one confocally arranged detection element for confocal acquisition of the light coming from points on the object, there is provided at least one additional detection element for the acquisition of object light at least posterior in time to the confocal acquisition. For at least two-dimensionally spatially resolved measurement of time processes, especially of fluorescence decay times, preferably at the ocular fundus, using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope, the radiation receiver is at least a series of detectors which are arranged in such a way that there is a series of additional detector elements in addition to the confocal detector element at least subsequently in the scanning direction.