Abstract: An apparatus is for generating an emulated radar reflection signal of a target moving at a relative velocity. The apparatus includes a radar detector, an emulation transmitter, and a processor. The radar detector is configured to detect radar chirps emitted by a device under test (DUT), where the chirps are emitted at random time intervals. The emulation transmitter is configured to generate emulated radar reflection signals of the target being emulated. The processor is configured to generate control signals at intervals corresponding to the random time intervals at which the radar chirps are emitted by the DUT, where each control signal controls the emulation transmitter to generate a radar reflection signal. A relative phase of the control signals is adjusted according to a duration of each of the random time intervals between successive chirps and a magnitude and sign of the relative velocity of the target.

Abstract: An optical modulator that is adapted to modulate a light signal at very high RF frequencies and provide the modulating RF signal to equipment separate from the modulator is disclosed. The modulator includes a Mach-Zehnder Modulator in which light loses due to the crossing of the RF waveguide conductors and the optical waveguides are reduced. In addition, problems arising from asynchrony between the RF signals and the optical signals are reduced. The modulator also reduces signal losses due to resonances in the modulator. The modulator can be configured to be used in test probes that require a compact configuration that is adapted to designs having multiple test probes that are proximate to each other.

Abstract: A differential transmission assembly includes two metal prisms, a ground substrate, and a resistive sheet. The two metal prisms are driven differentially. Each metal prism extends along parallel lines with a space therebetween in a common direction, coplanar in a first plane, and contributing to formation of a three-dimensional electromagnetic field. The ground substrate extends in the common direction, in a second plane parallel to the first plane. The resistive sheet is disposed in a third plane aligned to be substantially perpendicular to an electric field component of a first mode of the three-dimensional electromagnetic field, and to be parallel to an electric field component of a second mode of the three-dimensional electromagnetic field.

Abstract: A differential transmission assembly includes two metal prisms, a ground substrate, and a resistive sheet. The two metal prisms are driven differentially. Each metal prism extends along parallel lines with a space therebetween in a common direction, coplanar in a first plane, and contributing to formation of a three-dimensional electromagnetic field. The ground substrate extends in the common direction, in a second plane parallel to the first plane. The resistive sheet is disposed in a third plane aligned to be substantially perpendicular to an electric field component of a first mode of the three-dimensional electromagnetic field, and to be parallel to an electric field component of a second mode of the three-dimensional electromagnetic field.

Abstract: A differential transmission line includes a sheath, a first conductive structure, a second conductive structure, and a resistive layer. The first conductive structure is disposed along the differential transmission line and within the sheath, and contributes to formation of a three-dimensional electromagnetic field. The second conductive structure is disposed along the differential transmission line and within the sheath, and contributes to formation of the three-dimensional electromagnetic field. The resistive layer is aligned to be substantially perpendicular to an electric field component of a first mode of the three-dimensional electromagnetic field, and to provide absorption of an electric field component of a second mode of the three-dimensional electromagnetic field.

Abstract: An a data input system includes an encoded pad having position encoding and a data input device adapted to image a portion of the encoded pad to determine position and orientation of the data input device relative to the encoded pad. The encoding pad includes a plurality of correlation windows. Each correlation window includes a primary encoding marker in form of vertical line segment and a set of secondary encoding markers in form of diagonal line segments, at least one diagonal line segment intersecting the vertical line segment at an intersection angle. Spacing of the diagonal line segments encodes the X-axis position of the input device relative to the encoding pad. Intersection angle encodes the Y-axis position of the input device relative to the encoding pad. Angle of the primary encoding marker vertical line segment within the frame of the captured image encodes the angular orientation of the input device relative to the axes of the encoded pad.

Abstract: Reduction of dust contamination in optical mice. Trapped charged particles within an optical element result in a surface charge on the optical element, the surface charge reducing the attraction of dust to the optical surface. Charged particles may be trapped in the optical element, or in a coating on the element. Irradiation from an alpha source or ion implantation techniques may be used.

Abstract: An a data input system includes an encoded pad having position encoding and a data input device adapted to image a portion of the encoded pad to determine position and orientation of the data input device relative to the encoded pad. The encoding pad includes a plurality of correlation windows. Each correlation window includes a primary encoding marker in form of vertical line segment and a set of secondary encoding markers in form of diagonal line segments, at least one diagonal line segment intersecting the vertical line segment at an intersection angle. Spacing of the diagonal line segments encodes the X-axis position of the input device relative to the encoding pad. Intersection angle encodes the Y-axis position of the input device relative to the encoding pad. Angle of the primary encoding marker vertical line segment within the frame of the captured image encodes the angular orientation of the input device relative to the axes of the encoded pad.

Abstract: An a data input system includes an encoded pad having position encoding and a data input device adapted to image a portion of the encoded pad to determine position and orientation of the data input device relative to the encoded pad. The encoding pad includes a plurality of correlation windows. Each correlation window includes a primary encoding marker in form of vertical line segment and a set of secondary encoding markers in form of diagonal line segments, at least one diagonal line segment intersecting the vertical line segment at an intersection angle. Spacing of the diagonal line segments encodes the X-axis position of the input device relative to the encoding pad. Intersection angle encodes the Y-axis position of the input device relative to the encoding pad. Angle of the primary encoding marker vertical line segment within the frame of the captured image encodes the angular orientation of the input device relative to the axes of the encoded pad.

Abstract: Camera modules with focus adjustment structures and systems and methods of making the same are described. In one aspect, a sensor housing having an image sensor, a lens holder comprising a lens, and a deformable focus adjustment structure are provided. The focus adjustment structure is deformed to move the lens whereby light is focused onto the image sensor.

Abstract: A digital image system is disclosed having a sensor with an elevated two-color photo-detector for sensing two different color values in combination with a single-color photo-detector for sensing a third color value. Minimal demosaicing is performed to obtain at least one luminance value at each photo-detector location. The sampled chrominance values and sampled and demosaiced luminance values are directly compressed without converting between color spaces and with minimal or no processing required. With a reduced amount of image processing prior to image compression, all of the pre-compression image processing may be performed on the image sensor itself instead of on a separate image processing system.

Abstract: Electronic devices having image-based data input systems are described. In one aspect, an electronic device includes a window, multiple indicia, an image sensor, and a data input processor. The window has a contact surface with an input region. The multiple indicia are viewable in the input region of the contact surface. The image sensor is constructed and arranged to produce image signals corresponding to images of the input region. The data input processor is coupled to the image sensor and is operable to produce input signals based on image signals produced by the image sensor and a mapping between areas of the input region images and locations of the input indicia.

Abstract: An array of light-sensitive sensors utilizes bipolar phototransistors that are formed of multiple amorphous semiconductor layers, such as silicon. In the preferred embodiment, the bipolar transistors are open base devices. In this preferred embodiment, the holes that are generated by reception of incoming photons to a particular open base phototransistor provide current injection to the base region of the phototransistor. The collector region is preferably an intrinsic amorphous silicon layer. The phototransistors may be operated in either an integrating mode in which bipolar current is integrated or a static mode in which a light-responsive voltage is monitored.

Abstract: A three-dimensional optical inspection system reconstructs a three-dimensional image of the shape of the surface of an at least partially specular object resident on a printed circuit board by capturing two or more two-dimensional images of the object under different illumination configurations. The diffuse reflection, as well as the specular reflection can be used to reconstruct the three-dimensional image using any reconstruction method, such as photometric stereo. The different illumination configurations can be achieved using an illumination source including light-emitting elements arranged in concentric circular arrays, in which each of the circular arrays is divided into sections. Each section is independently controlled to selectively activate the sections to illuminate the object in a pre-established illumination pattern.

Abstract: A system and method for processing mosaiced or raw data images operates to concurrently demosaic and resize the mosaiced images in a combined process. The combined demosaic/resize process allows the system to perform demosaicing and resizing more efficiently than conventional systems, which perform these processes separately and sequentially. Furthermore, the combined demosaic/resize process allows the system to produce demosaiced and resized images of higher quality as compared to demosaiced and resized images produced by the conventional systems.

Abstract: A two-color photo-detector capable of sensing two colors at a single photo-detector location is provided having a lower photo-detector element resident in the bulk silicon and an upper photo-detector element elevated above the lower photo-detector element. The color sensitivity of each of the photo-detector elements is determined according to the absorption curve of the upper photo-detector element, the thickness of the upper photo-detector element and the color filter array, if any. The elevated upper photo-detector element overlies the circuitry needed for both the upper photo-detector element and the lower photo-detector element. In order to accurately sample color within an array of two-color photo-detectors without a color filter array, two different thicknesses for the upper photo-detector elements of adjacent two-color photo-detectors are used. Therefore, each pair of two-color photo-detectors within the array senses four different colors (i.e.

Abstract: A system and method for processing mosaiced or raw data images operates to concurrently demosaic and resize the mosaiced images in a combined process. The combined demosaic/resize process allows the system to perform demosaicing and resizing more efficiently than conventional systems, which perform these processes separately and sequentially. Furthermore, the combined demosaic/resize process allows the system to produce demosaiced and resized images of higher quality as compared to demosaiced and resized images produced by the conventional systems.

Abstract: A three-dimensional optical inspection system reconstructs a three-dimensional image of the shape of the surface of an at least partially specular object resident on a printed circuit board by capturing two or more two-dimensional images of the object under different illumination configurations. The diffuse reflection, as well as the specular reflection can be used to reconstruct the three-dimensional image using any reconstruction method, such as photometric stereo. The different illumination configurations can be achieved using an illumination source including light-emitting elements arranged in concentric circular arrays, in which each of the circular arrays is divided into sections. Each section is independently controlled to selectively activate the sections to illuminate the object in a pre-established illumination pattern.

Abstract: An optical inspection system uses an illumination gradient to gradually spatially vary the intensity and/or specular characteristics of the illumination reflected from the surface of a specular object to determine surface gradients of the object. The surface gradients can be used to reconstruct a three-dimensional image of the object. The illumination gradient can be produced by an illumination apparatus that includes circular arrays of light-emitting elements. The illumination gradient can also be produced using an optical element that gradually alters the illumination intensity of the reflected illumination in accordance with the incidence characteristics of the reflected illumination on the optical element. The illumination gradient enables the use of numerous illumination angles to reduce error in estimated surface gradients without increasing imaging or processing time.

Abstract: Electronic devices having image-based data input systems are described. In one aspect, an electronic device includes a window, multiple indicia, an image sensor, and a data input processor. The window has a contact surface with an input region. The multiple indicia are viewable in the input region of the contact surface. The image sensor is constructed and arranged to produce image signals corresponding to images of the input region. The data input processor is coupled to the image sensor and is operable to produce input signals based on image signals produced by the image sensor and a mapping between areas of the input region images and locations of the input indicia.