Abstract: Systems, comprising: an aqueous medium, the aqueous medium having an amount of DNA disposed therein, the aqueous medium having one or more RNA polymerases disposed therein; and a non-aqueous medium. Methods, the methods comprising operating a system according to the present disclosure, so as to give rise to an RNA product disposed in the non-aqueous medium. Methods, comprising: with an RNA polymerase in an aqueous medium, effecting synthesis of an RNA product from template DNA, and selectively transferring the RNA product to a non-aqueous medium.