Abstract: A method of forming a graphene film on one or more surfaces of a metal substrate, the method comprising the steps of: (i) heating a metal substrate defining one or more surfaces to an exposure temperature; (ii) restricting the metal flux from the one or more surfaces at the exposure temperature by provision of one or more counter surfaces proximal to one or more of the surfaces of the substrate; (iii) exposing the substrate to a carbon containing precursor gas at the exposure temperature so as to form a graphene film on the or each surface of the substrate.