Abstract: A lithium secondary battery, and a method of operating a lithium secondary battery are provided. The lithium secondary battery includes a cathode including a cathode active material layer that includes a lithium-nickel metal oxide, and an anode opposing the cathode. A full width at half maximum ratio or a relative peak area ratio of the lithium secondary battery is 70% or more.

Abstract: According to embodiments of the present disclosure, an anode active material for a lithium secondary battery includes composite particles including carbon-based particles having pores and a silicon-containing coating disposed on the surface of the carbon-based particles, wherein the ratio of oxygen atoms to silicon atoms (O/Si atomic ratio), measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis at a depth of 100 nm from the surface toward the center of the composite particles, is 0.13 to 0.6.

Abstract: An anode active material for a secondary battery includes a plurality of composite particles. The composite particles include carbon-based particles containing pores therein. A silicon-containing coating layer is formed inside the pores or on a surface of the carbon-based particles. A surface oxide layer is formed on the silicon-containing coating layer. The surface oxide layer contains silicon oxide. A silicon oxidation number ratio of the composite particle is predefined.

Abstract: An anode active material for a secondary battery includes a plurality of composite particles. The composite particles include carbon-based particles containing pores therein. A silicon-containing coating layer is formed inside the pores or on a surface of the carbon-based particles. A surface oxide layer is formed on the silicon-containing coating layer. The surface oxide layer contains silicon oxide. A silicon oxidation number ratio of the composite particle is predefined.

Abstract: An anode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to embodiments of the present disclosure includes composite particles which comprise a silicon-containing coating formed on a surface of carbon-based particles comprising porous, wherein the composite particles have a C/SiC peak intensity ratio of 1.0 to 4.5, which is measured through X-ray diffraction analysis after performing heat treatment on the composite particles at 900° C. to 1200° C. for 6 hours to 9 hours. The anode active material for a lithium secondary battery has improved capacity characteristics, output characteristics and lifespan characteristics.

Abstract: An anode for a lithium secondary battery includes an anode current collector, and an anode active material layer formed on at least one surface of the anode current collector. The anode active material layer includes an anode active material and an anode binder. The anode active material includes a plurality of composite particles, each of the composite particles include a silicon-based active material particle, and a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer formed on at least a portion of a surface of the silicon-based active material particle. A relative standard deviation of thickness values of the SEI layer of the composite particles, which are measured by an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) from 9 different composite particles among the plurality of composite particles after repeating 100 cycles of charging and discharging is 20% or less.

Abstract: An anode for a lithium secondary battery includes an anode current collector, and an anode active material layer formed on at least one surface of the anode current collector. The anode active material layer includes an anode active material and an anode binder. The anode active material includes a plurality of composite particles, each of the composite particles include a silicon-based active material particle, and a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer formed on at least a portion of a surface of the silicon-based active material particle. A relative standard deviation of thickness values of the SEI layer of the composite particles, which are measured by an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) from 9 different composite particles among the plurality of composite particles after repeating 100 cycles of charging and discharging is 20% or less.

Abstract: An anode for a lithium secondary battery includes an anode current collector, and an anode active material layer disposed on at least one surface of the anode current collector. The anode active material layer includes an anode active material and a conductive material. An electrode peak intensity ratio obtained by a pair distribution function (PDF) analysis of the anode active material layer is in a range from 1.1 to 2.7.

Abstract: An anode for a lithium secondary battery includes an anode current collector, a first anode active material layer disposed on at least one surface of the anode current collector and including a first anode active material, and a second anode active material layer disposed on the first anode active material layer and including a second anode active material. The first anode active material includes a graphite-based active material, and the second anode active material includes a composite particle including silicon. A tortuosity of the second anode active material layer obtained by an X-ray microscope (XRM) analysis is 2.32 or less.

Abstract: An anode active material for a lithium secondary battery includes a composite particle. The composite particle includes a carbon-based particle including pores, and a silicon-containing coating formed on a surface of the carbon-based particle. A particle peak distance of the composite particle measured by a pair distribution function (PDF) analysis is 0.6 ? or less.

Abstract: An anode active material for a lithium secondary battery includes a composite particle. The composite particle includes a carbon-based particle including pores, and a silicon-containing coating formed on a surface of the carbon-based particle. A crystallite size of silicon included in the silicon-containing coating after a heat treatment of the composite particle at a temperature of 900° C. to 1200° C. for 6 hours to 9 hours measured by an X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis is 10 nm or less.

Abstract: An anode for a lithium secondary battery includes an anode current collector, a first anode active material layer disposed on at least one surface of the anode current collector and including a first anode active material, and a second anode active material layer disposed on the first anode active material layer and including a second anode active material. The first anode active material includes a graphite-based active material, and the second anode active material includes a composite particle including silicon. A diffusivity of the first anode active material layer obtained by an X-ray microscope (XRM) analysis is 3.87 or less.

Abstract: An anode for a lithium secondary battery includes an anode current collector, and an anode active material layer formed on at least one surface of the anode current collector. The anode active material layer includes an anode active material and an anode binder. The anode active material includes a plurality of composite particles, each of the composite particles include a silicon-based active material particle, and a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer formed on at least a portion of a surface of the silicon-based active material particle. A relative standard deviation of thickness values of the SEI layer of the composite particles, which are measured by an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) from 9 different composite particles among the plurality of composite particles after repeating 100 cycles of charging and discharging is 20% or less.

Abstract: An anode active material for a secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present application includes lithium-silicon composite oxide particle. The lithium-silicon composite oxide particles include at least one selected from the group consisting of Li2SiO3 and Li2Si2O5 and have a phase fraction ratio defined by Equation 1 of 1.0 or less. A content of particles having a diameter of less than 3 ?m is 5 vol % or less based on a total volume of the lithium-silicon composite oxide particles.

Abstract: An anode active material for a secondary battery includes a plurality of composite particles. The composite particles include carbon-based particles containing pores therein. A silicon-containing coating layer is formed inside the pores or on a surface of the carbon-based particles. A surface oxide layer is formed on the silicon-containing coating layer. The surface oxide layer contains silicon oxide. A silicon oxidation number ratio of the composite particle is predefined.