Abstract: In order to easily prevent a collision of transport units, which are moved along a conveyor line of a long stator linear motor, it is provided that a minimum distance to be maintained between the two transport units is changed as a function of the position of the two transport units along the conveyor line.

Abstract: To safely avoid a collision of two transport units in the switch area during operation of a conveyor in the form of a long stator linear motor with a switch, a collision zone is provided in the switch area, wherein the collision zone extends from the beginning of the switch in each case a length on the respective conveyor section, and to define the collision zone, the transport units are considered as two-dimensional objects and a position of the first transport unit on the first conveyor section is determined, which the first transport unit is allowed to occupy, so that the second transport unit can be moved as a two-dimensional object along the second conveyor section without collision through the switch and a distance between this first position and the beginning of the switch is determined and at least this distance is used as the first length.

Abstract: To safely avoid a collision of two transport units in the switch area during operation of a conveyor in the form of a long stator linear motor with a switch, a collision zone is provided in the switch area, wherein the collision zone extends from the beginning of the switch in each case a length on the respective conveyor section, and to define the collision zone, the transport units are considered as two-dimensional objects and a position of the first transport unit on the first conveyor section is determined, which the first transport unit is allowed to occupy, so that the second transport unit can be moved as a two-dimensional object along the second conveyor section without collision through the switch and a distance between this first position and the beginning of the switch is determined and at least this distance is used as the first length.

Abstract: In order to easily prevent a collision of transport units, which are moved along a conveyor line of a long stator linear motor, it is provided that a minimum distance to be maintained between the two transport units is changed as a function of the position of the two transport units along the conveyor line.

Abstract: For a flexibly configurable and easily expandable transport route of a long stator linear motor with transport route modules, it is provided that, in a two-sided route section with a transport route module on both sides, an intermediate space is provided between two transport route modules in transverse direction, and the transport unit is arranged at least partially in this intermediate space. In this way, a movement path is formed midway of this intermediate space in transverse direction that the transport unit follows during movement in longitudinal direction by the guidance on the transport route modules, and the movement path is arranged by the arrangement of the transport route module in transverse direction at a distance of (r·a) from the starting point and ending point, where r is an odd, whole number.

Abstract: For a flexibly configurable and easily expandable transport route of a long stator linear motor with transport route modules, it is provided that, in a two-sided route section with a transport route module on both sides, an intermediate space is provided between two transport route modules in transverse direction, and the transport unit is arranged at least partially in this intermediate space. In this way, a movement path is formed midway of this intermediate space in transverse direction that the transport unit follows during movement in longitudinal direction by the guidance on the transport route modules, and the movement path is arranged by the arrangement of the transport route module in transverse direction at a distance of (r·a) from the starting point and ending point, where r is an odd, whole number.

Abstract: Modular transport line system for configuring a transport line of a long stator linear motor. The system includes plural modular transport line components, each having a starting point (An) and an end point (En), wherein the starting point (An) and the end point (En) of each modular transport line component lie on a raster corner point (p·a)×(q·a) of an (a×a) raster with a prespecified raster length a, wherein p, q are whole numbers. At least one of the plural modular transport line components is a curved transport line component formed by at least three modules.

Abstract: To make it possible to realize various transport lines of a long stator linear motor using a small number of different types of transport line components (TMn), in a simple and flexible manner, a modular system with transport line components (TMn) is provided, wherein a selection of at least two different transport line components (TMn) is included in the modular system, wherein the starting point (An) and the end point (En) of each of the at least two different transport line components (TMn) each lie on a raster corner point (p·a)×(q·a) of an (a×a) raster with a prespecified raster length a, wherein p, q are whole numbers.

Abstract: A distillation column with external circulation evaporator and a sedimentation zone in the bottom of the column, from which the evaporator circulation is fed, and use of the distillation column for the distillation of acrylic acid.

Abstract: A gas scrubber, equipped with heat exchanger surfaces constructed of thermoplates, suitable for cooling and cleaning a hot gas by avoiding an excessive thermal load of the washing liquid.

Abstract: A distillation column with external circulation evaporator and a sedimentation zone in the bottom of the column, from which the evaporator circulation is fed, and use of the distillation column according to the invention for the distillation of acrylic acid.

Abstract: A tubular reactor for carrying out a catalytically supported, homogeneous chemical reaction in the gas phase at an elevated temperature and a subsequent cooling, wherein the reactor is arranged upright, and therefore the tubes extend vertically and the as flows downward through the tubes. The tubes are filled with a catalyst bed in the upper part thereof extending in the reaction zone of the reactor and are filled with a structured packing in the lower part, the cooling zone of the reactor.

Abstract: For the distillation of temperature-sensitive liquids, in particular acrylic acid and its esters, the liquid is heated in a column and at least partly evaporated. The vapor is guided through a condenser provided inside the column, in which the vapor is at least partly condensed. The condensed liquid is at least partly withdrawn from the column. The distillation is characterized in that the vapor not condensed yet is guided through the condenser cocurrently to the condensed liquid.

Abstract: An apparatus for discharging bulk material from a container containing gas includes a single-shaft screw conveyor including a conveying tube having an axis of symmetry. A purge tank is disposed downstream of the screw conveyor with the conveying tube opening into the purge tank. The purge tank includes ports for a supply and discharge of a purge gas stream and an outlet opening for the bulk material. A closing cone with a cone tip and an axis of symmetry is shiftably mounted on its axis of symmetry. The closing cone is pressed with the cone tip from outside into an outlet opening of the conveying tube. The axis of symmetry of the closing cone coincides with the axis of symmetry of the conveying tube.

Abstract: A process for the continuous production of melamine from urea by means of a fluidized-bed reactor, wherein process gas guided in the process circuit is used as fluidizing gas and wherein the temperature of the process gas at the inlet of the conveying means for the fluidizing gas is adjusted by adjusting the mixing ratio of a process gas stream guided over a scrubber and of a process gas stream guided past the scrubber.

Abstract: In a process for distilling polymerization-prone compounds from liquid mixtures of matter which, apart from the readily polymerizable compound, also contain other components and also polymerization inhibitors, the evaporator is operated in forced circulation and at a pressure which makes possible superheating of the liquid with respect to its boiling point at the pressure within the distillation column. This is achieved by transporting the superheated liquid against a flow restrictor, e.g. an orifice plate. The liquid which is expanded and partially evaporated on passage through the flow restrictor is returned to the distillation column. In this manner the formation of an open vapour space in the evaporator circuit after heating downstream of the heat exchanger is avoided in that, in the design of the evaporator of the prior art, formation of polymer deposits frequently occurs.

Abstract: A gas scrubber, equipped with heat exchanger surfaces constructed of thermoplates, suitable for cooling and cleaning a hot gas by avoiding an excessive thermal load of the washing liquid.

Abstract: A process for the continuous production of melamine from urea by means of a fluidized-bed reactor, wherein process gas guided in the process circuit is used as fluidizing gas and wherein the temperature of the process gas at the inlet of the conveying means for the fluidizing gas is adjusted by adjusting the mixing ratio of a process gas stream guided over a scrubber and of a process gas stream guided past the scrubber.