Abstract: An exhaust gas after-treatment device includes: a catalytic converter system, which includes a delivery side and a discharge side; and a container including an interior space and at least two openings, the at least two openings including a first opening and a second opening, the catalytic converter system being arranged in the interior space of the container, the first opening being connected with the catalytic converter system on the delivery side, and the second opening being connected to the catalytic converter system on the discharge side.

Abstract: A control system and method for a heating system of an electric vehicle or hybrid vehicle is embodied such that when there is a heating request for a high-voltage accumulator, an HVA heating mode is activated in which the high-voltage accumulator which is connected to an HVA circuit of the heating system is heated by an HVA heating source which is activated for this purpose so that heat is generated in the HVA circuit or transferred into the circuit. When there is a heating request for a passenger compartment of the vehicle, an air-conditioning heating mode is activated in which the passenger compartment is heated by a heating circuit, with heat which is generated in the heating circuit with an auxiliary heater or is transferred into the heating circuit with a heat pump, or both.

Abstract: A control system and method for a heating system of an electric vehicle or hybrid vehicle is embodied such that when there is a heating request for a high-voltage accumulator, an HVAA heating mode is activated in which the high-voltage accumulator which is connected to an HVA circuit of the heating system is heated by an HVA heating source which is activated for this purpose so that heat is generated in the HVA circuit or transferred into the circuit. When there is a heating request for a passenger compartment of the vehicle, an air-conditioning heating mode is activated in which the passenger compartment is heated by a heating circuit, with heat which is generated in the heating circuit with an auxiliary heater or is transferred into the heating circuit with a heat pump, or both.

Abstract: A system for determining a particle contamination and a method for determining a particle contamination in a measurement environment is provided in which individual particles in the measurement environment are detected (S1), wherein a) an estimate of the number of particles per volume in the measurement environment is ascertained (S2), b) an estimate of the number of particles per volume and characterization information describing the particle source in the measurement information are taken as a basis for ascertaining an output value for the particle contamination in the measurement environment (S3), and c) context-related data are made available and the characterization information is estimated on the basis of the available context-related data (S4).

Abstract: A system for determining a particle contamination and a method for determining a particle contamination in a measurement environment, is provided in which individual particles in the measurement environment are detected (S1), wherein a) an estimate of the number of particles per volume in the measurement environment is ascertained (S2), b) an estimate of the number of particles per volume and characterization information describing the particle source in the measurement information are taken as a basis for ascertaining an output value for the particle contamination in the measurement environment (S3), and c) context-related data are made available and the characterization information is estimated on the basis of the available context-related data (S4).