Abstract: A nonvolatile memory device including a mold structure including a plurality of gate electrodes on a substrate, the plurality of gate electrodes including first, second, and third string selection lines sequentially stacked on the substrate; a channel structure that penetrates the mold structure and intersects each of the gate electrodes; a first cutting region that cuts each of the gate electrodes; a second cutting region that is spaced apart from the first cutting region in a first direction and cuts each of the gate electrodes; a first cutting line that cuts the first string selection line between the first cutting region and the second cutting region; a second cutting line that cuts the second string selection line between the first cutting region and the second cutting region; and a third cutting line that cuts the third string selection line between the first cutting region and the second cutting region.

Abstract: Systems and methods provide for determining a distance between a signpost and a tag and for locating a tag using multiple signposts. The system uses a signal received at a tag from a signpost, and from them measures the signal strength of the signal with respect to one or more antennas on the tag. The system calculates an RSSI using the measured signal strength, from which a distance can be determined between the signpost and the tag. The system also uses signals received from multiple signposts, to measure multiple signal strengths, resulting in multiple distance determinations corresponding to the various signposts, thereby establishing a location for the tag.

Abstract: Systems and methods provide for determining a distance between a signpost and a tag and for locating a tag using multiple signposts. The system uses a signal received at a tag from a signpost, and from them measures the signal strength of the signal with respect to one or more antennas on the tag. The system calculates an RSSI using the measured signal strength, from which a distance can be determined between the signpost and the tag. The system also uses signals received from multiple signposts, to measure multiple signal strengths, resulting in multiple distance determinations corresponding to the various signposts, thereby establishing a location for the tag.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing expanded compatibility in identification tags such as RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) devices. Integrated devices can be equipped with various combinations of passive and active tags configured for compatibility with passive and active readers, respectively. Additionally, the integrated devices can be equipped with various combinations of passive and active tag readers for compatibility with passive and active tags, respectively. A first combination comprises an active tag and a passive tag reader for collecting information over a passive channel, and sending the information over an active channel. A second combination comprises an active tag and a passive tag receiver/transceiver for communication over both active and passive channels. A third combination comprises an active tag and an active tag reader for collecting information over an active channel, and sending information over an active channel.

Abstract: An apparatus for transferring a wafer includes a ceramic blade, an electrode, a plurality of pads, a coating layer and a robot arm. The blade supports the wafer, and the electrode is disposed inside the blade. Electric power is applied to the electrode to generate an electrostatic force for holding the wafer. The pads are disposed on an upper surface of the blade, and thus frictional forces may be provided between the wafer and the pads. The coating layer is disposed on the blade. The robot arm is connected with the blade to move the blade.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing expanded compatibility in identification tags such as RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) devices. Integrated devices can be equipped with various combinations of passive and active tags configured for compatibility with passive and active readers, respectively. Additionally, the integrated devices can be equipped with various combinations of passive and active tag readers for compatibility with passive and active tags, respectively. A first combination comprises an active tag and a passive tag reader for collecting information over a passive channel, and sending the information over an active channel. A second combination comprises an active tag and a passive tag receiver/transceiver for communication over both active and passive channels. A third combination comprises an active tag and an active tag reader for collecting information over an active channel, and sending information over an active channel.

Abstract: A tag can transmit a tag signal, and responds to receipt of a wireless signpost signal by determining whether the signpost that generated the signal is currently active. When the signpost is respectively determined to be active and inactive, the tag respectively includes and excludes from the tag signal an information portion that relates to the signpost that generated the received signpost signal. In another configuration, a tag has first and second antennas, receives wireless signpost signals through at least one of the antennas, and responds to receipt of a signpost signal containing antenna select information by causing a selected one of the first and second antennas to be disabled and the other of the first and second antennas to receive wireless signpost signals.

Abstract: A tag receives a wireless signpost signal that contains a signpost code, converts the signpost code into location information representative of a physical location of a signpost that transmitted the received signpost signal, and transmits a wireless tag signal that includes the location information. In a different configuration, a tag receives a wireless signpost signal that includes a signpost code, and determines whether the signpost that generated the received signpost signal is a replacement for a different signpost. If it is a replacement, the tag transmits a wireless tag signal containing an information portion that relates to the signpost replaced by the signpost that generated the received signpost signal.

Abstract: A tag stores information identifying the sequence in which it received wireless signpost signals from different signposts. In another configuration, a tag maintains data identifying a group of signposts that are to be treated as equivalent. In yet another configuration, wireless signpost signals transmitted by each of a plurality of signposts all contain the same signpost code. In still another configuration, a signpost has an interface through which a signpost code of the signpost can be selectively set.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing expanded compatibility in identification tags such as RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) devices. Integrated devices can be equipped with various combinations of passive and active tags configured for compatibility with passive and active readers, respectively. Additionally, the integrated devices can be equipped with various combinations of passive and active tag readers for compatibility with passive and active tags, respectively. A first combination comprises an active tag and a passive tag reader for collecting information over a passive channel, and sending the information over an active channel. A second combination comprises an active tag and a passive tag receiver/transceiver for communication over both active and passive channels. A third combination comprises an active tag and an active tag reader for collecting information over an active channel, and sending information over an active channel.

Abstract: One aspect of the invention involves: monitoring a voltage of a battery over time; evaluating whether a rate of voltage decrease of the battery is in excess of a threshold; and indicating that the battery is subject to a low voltage condition when the rate of voltage decrease exceeds the threshold. Another aspect of the invention involves: causing a circuit powered by a battery to respond to battery replacement by thereafter applying a selected load to the battery during a selected time interval. A further aspect involves: periodically sampling a voltage of a battery; and applying a load to the battery during a selected time interval before each sampling of the battery voltage.

Abstract: One aspect of the invention involves: periodically sampling a voltage of a battery and an ambient temperature in order to obtain a sample that includes a temperature value and a voltage value; saving each sample in a sample group; selecting a subset of the samples in the group, wherein the temperature value of each sample in the subset is lower than the temperature value of substantially all of the samples of the group other than the subset; and determining as a function of the voltage of at least one the sample in the subset whether the battery is subject to a low voltage condition.

Abstract: One aspect of the invention involves: maintaining a record of how long a circuit operates in each of a plurality of different operating modes thereof, starting from a point in time at which a battery that powers the circuit is replaced; calculating for each of the operating modes as a function of the record a cumulative current drain from the point in time to a current time; and determining as a function of the cumulative current drains whether the battery is subject to a low voltage condition. Another aspect involves: monitoring a voltage of a battery; periodically determining whether the voltage of the battery is subject to a low voltage condition; and maintaining a count of the number of times that the determining results in a determination that the battery is subject to a low voltage condition.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer program products for annotating documents are described herein, wherein in some embodiments the documents are immutable. The method operates by enabling a user to place an application in an annotation mode. An annotation is created, and then linked to a portion of an immutable data object. Location information is displayed proximate to the annotation mode location information indicates a location of the linked portion in the data object.

Abstract: A safety belt retractor comprises a belt winding shaft including a cylindrical projecting portion projected from its one end surface, a torsion bar coupled at one end to the end surface of the belt winding shaft and at the other end to a skid mechanism integrated with a sprocket, which is accommodated in the belt winding shaft and the skid mechanism for limiting the torque of the torsion bar, in which the cylindrical projecting portion includes a stopper for determining the rotation of the torsion bar, the skid mechanism includes a skip member, which is provided with a latching portion contacting with the stopper and a skid element for limiting the torque of the torsion bar, and a skid structure provided with a boss coupled to enable the other end of the torsion bar to be inserted thereinto and a guide groove formed around the periphery of the boss on the bottom surface thereof, in which at least two pairs of blocking elements are provided, thereby to limit the rotation of the belt winding shaft.

Abstract: Generating a new document from a source text document and a source image document. The new document is generated by accessing the source text document and the source image document, paginating the source text document with the source image document to produce pagination information, and generating the new document using the pagination information.

Abstract: A system, method, and computer program product for displaying a patent document and a patent image. The method operates by preparing for display a patent document comprised of at least one patent text file, and a patent image document comprised of at least one patent image file. The patent text file is generated from at least one source text file. The patent text file includes equivalency information detailing an equivalency relationship between the patent image file and the source text file. The equivalency information comprises linking information indicative of a correspondence between at least one portion of the source text file and at least one portion of the patent image file. The patent image file is at least one data file having stored therein one or more image pages associated with a patent. Each of the image pages is an electronic image of at least a portion of a page of the patent or at least a portion of a page of a document related to the patent.

Abstract: The system synchronizes, displays, and manipulates text and image documents in electronic form for display. The text and image files are synchronized to produce Equivalent Files to create an approximate equivalence relationship between the text and the image files. The graphic user interface of the present system allows a user to selectively view an Equivalent File in a window while simultaneously or alternatively viewing an image file within one or more image windows on the display. The user may also create and manipulate notes and subnotes as annotations to document objects or document portions. The notes and subnotes may be linked to text documents, image documents, text objects, or other non-text objects or documents, such as images, audio clips, etc. The user may create new subnotes associated with selected objects or selected portions, and the user may enter information pertaining to the selected objects in the new subnote.

Abstract: A system for searching through documents maintained in electronic form is described. The system is capable of searching through individual documents, or groups of documents. In the case of a group of documents, the system operates by locating one or more hit entries in a group hits table associated with a keyword in a search request. Each of the located hit entries corresponds to a different document in which the keyword appears. The system extracts from the located hit entries hit information indicating the number of times the keyword appears in documents respectively associated with the located hit entries. This hit information is presented to a user, and a command identifying one of the documents respectively associated with the located hit entries is received from the user. The system then locates one or more location entries in a document index table associated with the identified document.

Abstract: A system, method, and computer program product for annotating an electronic document. An electronic document is displayed. At least one note having at least one note segment is displayed. The note segment is linked to at least one portion of the electronic document. Location identification information is displayed that identifies a location of the portion in the electronic document that is linked to the note segment. This location identification information is displayed in the note, proximate to the note segment.