Abstract: A charged particle beam is controlled by two pairs of deflectors that adjust the beam through two or more deflection centers, thereby saving cost and space and reducing system noise. The mathematics of the superposition of signals and, therefore, of the deflecting fields provide orthogonality of the adjustments so that all adjustments are independent of each other.

Abstract: This electronic signal processing system is a subsystem of an automatic focus system for an E-beam lithography tool. This subsystem allows the automatic focus system to achieve resolution of 0.25 microns. An automatic focus system is composed of several subsystems. The first is an optical subsystem which produces a focused image of a source aperture on a transducer, which is the second subsystem. This image moves across the transducer in response to variations of the z-position of the measured surface. The transducer, in this case a linear photodiode array, converts the optical position signal into an electronic signal similar to a television video signal. The signal processing subsystem produces multiple outputs from the electronic signal produced by the transducer. The analog correction output of this subsystem realizes a mathematical function of the measured z-height. This analog output is sent to the focus correction subsystem of the E-beam tool, thus achieving focus correction.

Abstract: An electron beam is aligned with the center of an aperture in a plate in the path of the beam by cyclically scanning the beam across the aperture through equal distances on opposite sides of an initial beam location, measuring the beam current that flows through the aperture when the beam is on opposite sides of the initial location, which opposite sides correspond to adjacent half cycles of the scan, determining the difference in beam currents flowing in adjacent half cycles, and deflecting the beam in a direction toward the center of the aperture until there is reached a condition wherein the difference in currents is zero, which condition indicates that the beam is aligned with the center of the aperture. The currents may be measured by converting them to signals having a frequency proportional to the current, counting the signal cycles during each half cycle, and then subtracting the count for one half cycle from that of an adjacent half cycle.