Abstract: A hydrophilic cross-linked polymer obtainable by copolymerisation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomers that give a cross-linked hydrophilic polymer on polymerisation; a monomer including a strongly ionic group; and water is useful as the membrane in an assembly that can be used in an electrolyter or fuel cell. More generally, a membrane electrode assembly comprises electrodes and an ion-exchange membrane which comprises a hydrophilic polymer including a strongly ionic group. A method for producing a membrane electrode assembly comprising electrodes and an ion-exchange membrane, comprises introducing between the electrodes a material or materials from which the membrane can be formed, and forming the membrane in situ.

Abstract: In a method for the production of a membrane electrode assembly comprising a membrane, electrodes and a catalyst, the catalyst is pressed into the membrane material, e.g. when forming the material in situ.

Abstract: A membrane-electrode assembly includes a grid for controlling ion flow, separate layers of membrane material and/or an ionically inactive material for the transmission of a liquid or gaseous reaction component to end/or form at least one of the electrodes.

Abstract: A method of performing an electrochemical reaction in an electrochemical cell comprising electrodes separated by a hydrophilic ion-exchange membrane, comprises conducting the reaction in the presence of an aqueous solution of an electrolyte of which the concentration is controlled.

Abstract: A method for the photoelectrolysis of a liquid or gaseous species, comprises irradiating an ion exchange membrane of a membrane electrode assembly, wherein the membrane is an optically transparent material and comprises the species.

Abstract: Hydrogen is used to manufacture hydrocarbons, utilising carbon extracted from the atmosphere or from an exhaust flow prior to release into the atmosphere.

Abstract: According to the invention, an electrochemical device is used In the presence of ultrasonic waves to improve the performance of the device. The ultrasound improves the performance of the electrochemical device.