Abstract: A combustion system includes a fuel and oxidant source that outputs fuel and oxidant, a first perforated flame holder, and a second perforated flame holder separated from the first perforated flame holder by a gap. The first and second perforated flame holders sustain a combustion reaction of the fuel and oxidant within the first and second perforated flame holders.

Abstract: A combustion system includes a distal flame holder, a pilot fuel distributor, a main fuel distributor, an oxidant source, an array of sensors, and a controller. The oxidant source outputs an oxidant. The pilot fuel distributor supports a pilot flame configured to preheat the distal flame holder by outputting a pilot fuel at least when the combustion system is in a preheating state. The main fuel source outputs a main fuel in the standard operating state. The distal flame holder is configured to support a combustion reaction of the main fuel and the oxidant in the standard operating state. The sensors are configured to sense parameters of the pilot flame and the distal flame holder and to output sensor signals to the controller. The controller executes software instructions that include adjusting the flow of the main fuel, the pilot fuel, and the oxidant responsive to the sensor signals.

Abstract: A combustion system includes a fuel distributor configured to output a fuel, an oxidant source configured to output an oxidant, and a mixing tube defining a mixing volume aligned to receive the fuel and oxidant. The mixing tube is shaped to convey the fuel and the oxidant through the mixing volume at a bulk velocity higher than a flame propagation speed. The combustion system includes a flame holder aligned to receive the mixed fuel and oxidant and to support a combustion reaction of the fuel and the oxidant.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a fired heater includes a fuel and combustion air source configured to output fuel and combustion air into a combustion volume, the combustion volume including a combustion volume wall defining a lateral extent separate from an exterior volume. According to an embodiment, the fired heater includes a boiler heater and the combustion volume wall comprises a combustion pipe defining a lateral extent of the combustion volume, the combustion pipe being disposed to separate the combustion volume from a water and steam volume. The fired heater includes a mixing tube aligned to receive the fuel and combustion air from the fuel and combustion air source. The mixing tube may be separated from the combustion volume wall by a separation volume. The fired heater includes a bluff body flame holder aligned to receive a fuel and combustion air mixture from an outlet end of the mixing tube.

Abstract: A combustion system includes a fuel and oxidant source and a flame holder. The flame holder includes a plurality of discrete slats arranged in parallel defining combustion channels between adjacent slats. Pairs of adjacent slats may be oriented to operate substantially as a V-gutter. The fuel and oxidant source outputs fuel and oxidant into the combustion channels. The flame holder holds a combustion reaction of the fuel and oxidant in the combustion channels.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a fired heater includes a fuel and combustion air source configured to output fuel and combustion air into a combustion volume, the combustion volume including a combustion volume wall defining a lateral extent separate from an exterior volume. According to an embodiment, the fired heater includes a boiler heater and the combustion volume wall comprises a combustion pipe defining a lateral extent of the combustion volume, the combustion pipe being disposed to separate the combustion volume from a water and steam volume. The fired heater includes a mixing tube aligned to receive the fuel and combustion air from the fuel and combustion air source. The mixing tube may be separated from the combustion volume wall by a separation volume. The fired heater includes a bluff body flame holder aligned to receive a fuel and combustion air mixture from an outlet end of the mixing tube.

Abstract: A combustion system includes a fuel and oxidant source that outputs fuel and oxidant, a first perforated flame holder, and a second perforated flame holder separated from the first perforated flame holder by a gap. The first and second perforated flame holders sustain a combustion reaction of the fuel and oxidant within the first and second perforated flame holders.

Abstract: A combustion system includes a fuel and oxidant source and a flame holder. The flame holder includes a plurality of discrete slats arranged in parallel defining combustion channels between adjacent slats. The fuel and oxidant source outputs fuel and oxidant into the combustion channels. The flame holder holds a combustion reaction of the fuel and oxidant in the combustion channels.

Abstract: A combustion system supports a swirl-stabilized preheating flame with a preheating fuel and an oxidant. The combustion system preheats a perforated flame holder with the preheating flame. After the perforated flame holder has been preheated to the threshold temperature, the combustion system outputs a primary fuel. The perforated flame holder receives a mixture of the primary fuel and the oxidant supports a combustion reaction of the primary fuel and the oxidant.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a burner system includes a pilot burner disposed in a furnace at a distal position along a main fuel and combustion air flow axis, and one or more main fuel nozzles disposed at a proximal position along the main fuel and combustion air flow axis. The pilot burner is configured to support a pilot flame and the one or more main fuel nozzles are configured to support a main flame in contact with the pilot flame. The pilot burner is disposed to cause the main fuel and combustion air to be ignited by the pilot flame. The pilot burner may support a diffusion pilot flame or may include a premixing apparatus to support a pre-mixed flame.

Abstract: A combustion system includes a fuel and oxidant source that outputs fuel and oxidant, a first perforated flame holder, and a second perforated flame holder separated from the first perforated flame holder by a gap. The first and second perforated flame holders sustain a combustion reaction of the fuel and oxidant within the first and second perforated flame holders.

Abstract: A method for a combustion system includes outputting fuel from an adjustable-position fuel nozzle onto a perforated flame holder, the fuel being directed for mixture with an oxidant en route to the perforated flame holder. A combustion reaction of the fuel and the oxidant is supported within the perforated flame holder. A position of the adjustable-position fuel nozzle may be changed relative to the flame holder. A first flow of fuel may be output when the adjustable position fuel nozzle is in an extended state, and a second flow of fuel may be output when the adjustable-position fuel nozzle is in a retracted state.

Abstract: A flame holder system includes a support structure configured to support a plurality of burner tiles within a furnace volume. The support structure includes a frame supporting a support lattice. A number of burner tiles are arranged in an array on the support lattice. The support structure is configured to be assemblable without tools inside the furnace volume, using components that are sized to fit through an access port in a wall of the furnace.

Abstract: A face mask and face mask filter system filters droplets and aerosols, and applies a treatment that causes viruses particles carried by droplets and aerosols to be rendered non-infectious by application of a low voltage electric field. Optionally, the face mask filter system includes an electric circuit operatively coupled to the face mask filter and configured to monitor and/or enhance treatment of virus particles.

Abstract: A furnace includes a perforated flame holder formed from an array of tiles. The perforated flame holder is stabilized by a support member extending between at least adjacent tiles. Elongated support members may be positioned to extend through each of the tiles in a respective column of the array of tiles.

Abstract: A system for measuring a fuel-oxidant equivalence ratio includes at least one wall defining a gas volume including fuel and air. A gas ionization source is configured to cause a formation of ions in the gas. A power supply is configured to output a time-varying voltage. A first electrode is disposed in the gas volume, operatively coupled to the power supply, and configured to carry the time-varying voltage. A second electrode is arranged to operatively couple to a signal output by the first electrode after the signal passes through the gas volume. Characteristics of the received signal indicate the fuel-oxidant equivalence ratio.

Abstract: A burner includes a flame sensor configured to detect at least one of permittivity, capacitance, or resistance across a flame region. The permittivity, capacitance, or resistance is used to determine the presence or absence of the flame in a combustion system. A combustion system supports a combustion reaction. The combustion system utilizes a combustion sensor, and optionally a plasma generator to stabilize the combustion reaction. A controller receives sensor signals from the combustion sensor and controls the plasma generator to stabilize the combustion reaction responsive to the sensor signals. The plasma generator stabilizes the combustion reaction by generating a plasma.

Abstract: A low emissions modular flare stack includes a plurality of flare stack burner modules, each including a main fuel source configured to selectively deliver a main fuel stream for dilution by a flow of combustion air, a main igniter configured to cause ignition of the main fuel stream emitted from the main fuel source, a distal flame holder configured to hold a combustion reaction supported by the main fuel stream when the distal flame holder is at or above a predetermined temperature, and a pre-heating apparatus configured to pre-heat the distal flame holder to the predetermined temperature. The low emissions modular flare stack includes a common combustion air source configured to provide combustion air to each of the plurality of flare stack burner modules, and a wall encircling all of the plurality of flare stack burner modules, the wall being configured to laterally contain combustion products corresponding to all of the plurality of flare stack burner modules.

Abstract: A burner includes a distal flame holder, first and second fuel nozzles, a fuel and oxidant source, and a mixing tube disposed upstream from the distal flame holder. Fuel emitted from the first fuel nozzle mixes with oxidant from the oxidant source to form a fuel and oxidant mixture to support combustion in the distal flame holder. A non-reactive fluid source such as recirculated flue gas provides a non-reactive fluid for dilution of the fuel and oxidant mixture to prevent flashback.

Abstract: A combustion system includes a distal flame holder, a pilot fuel distributor, a main fuel distributor, an oxidant source, an array of sensors, and a controller. The oxidant source outputs an oxidant. The pilot fuel distributor supports a pilot flame configured to preheat the distal flame holder by outputting a pilot fuel at least when the combustion system is in a preheating state. The main fuel source outputs a main fuel in the standard operating state. The distal flame holder is configured to support a combustion reaction of the main fuel and the oxidant in the standard operating state. The sensors are configured to sense parameters of the pilot flame and the distal flame holder and to output sensor signals to the controller. The controller executes software instructions that include adjusting the flow of the main fuel, the pilot fuel, and the oxidant responsive to the sensor signals.