Abstract: A heat exchanger tube that comprises a tubular member having a longitudinal axis and having an inner surface that is divided into at least two regions along the circumferential direction. A first plurality of polyhedrons are formed on the inner surface along at least one polyhedral axis. Each of the polyhedrons have four opposite sides. The polyhedrons have first and second faces that are disposed parallel to the polyhedral axis and have third and fourth faces disposed oblique to the polyhedral axis. The polyhedral axis is disposed at a first helical angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of the tube. A second plurality of polyhedrons is formed on the inner surface adjacent to the first plurality of polyhedrons. The second plurality of polyhedrons is disposed along at least one polyhedral axis. Each of the polyhedrons has four opposite sides. The polyhedrons have first and second faces disposed parallel to the polyhedral axis and have third and fourth faces disposed oblique to the polyhedral axis.

Abstract: An apparatus for rinsing a dental restoration after etching, includes a base component having an open top end and a tubular extension terminating in an open bottom end. A shield component includes an open bottom end which is sized to fit onto the base component and has a tapered profile to an open top end. Within the base and shield components is carried a platform having one or more holes therethrough to allow fluid to pass from the shield component to the base component. In operation, a dental restoration is placed within the shield component onto the platform. Suction is drawn on the bottom open end of the base component and rinsing fluid is sprayed into the top open end of the shield component onto the dental restoration. Fluid which passes through the platform is suctioned through the bottom open end of the base component.

Abstract: A heat exchanger tube that comprises a tubular member having a longitudinal axis and having an inner surface that is divided into at least two regions along the circumferential direction. A first plurality of polyhedrons are formed on the inner surface along at least one polyhedral axis. Each of the polyhedrons have four opposite sides. The polyhedrons have first and second faces that are disposed parallel to the polyhedral axis and have third and fourth faces disposed oblique to the polyhedral axis. The polyhedral axis is disposed at a first helical angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of the tube. A second plurality of polyhedrons is formed on the inner surface adjacent to the first plurality of polyhedrons. The second plurality of polyhedrons is disposed along at least one polyhedral axis. Each of the polyhedrons has four opposite sides. The polyhedrons have first and second faces disposed parallel to the polyhedral axis and have third and fourth faces disposed oblique to the polyhedral axis.

Abstract: An apparatus for rinsing a dental restoration after etching, includes a base component having an open top end and a tubular extension terminating in an open bottom end. A shield component includes an open bottom end which is sized to fit onto the base component and has a tapered profile to an open top end. Within the base and shield components is carried a platform having one or more holes therethrough to allow fluid to pass from the shield component to the base component. In operation, a dental restoration is placed within the shield component onto the platform. Suction is drawn on the bottom open end of the base component and rinsing fluid is sprayed into the top open end of the shield component onto the dental restoration. Fluid which passes through the platform is suctioned through the bottom open end of the base component.

Abstract: A heat exchanger tube having an internal surface that is configured to enhance the heat transfer performance of the tube. The internal enhancement has a plurality of polyhedrons extending from the inner wall of the tubing. The polyhedrons have first and second planar faces disposed substantially parallel to the polyhedral axis. The polyhedrons have third and fourth faces disposed at an angle oblique to the longitudinal axis of the tube. The resulting surface increases the internal surface area of the tube and the turbulence characteristics of the surface, and thus, increases the heat transfer performance of the tube.

Abstract: A heat transfer tube having an inner surface provided with a dense pattern of polyhedrons having crack-like cavities on at least two surfaces of a single polyhedron, forming three-dimensional crack-like cavities that enhance flow evaporation heat transfer. The tube is made by (a) forming in an inner surface for the tube a plurality of generally parallel first grooves, (b) forming in the inner surface and over the first grooves a plurality of generally parallel second fins extending at a first angle of between 0 and about 25 degrees relative to a longitudinal axis for the tube to thereby devolve the second angle fins into the pattern of cavities, and (c) forming in the second fins a pattern of generally parallel crosshatches extending cross-wise thereto.