Abstract: A method for analyzing a target nucleic acid includes diluting nucleic acid targets and filling pico to femto-liter sized wells such that they contain a single target nucleic acid and one or more amplification reagents, amplifying the target in the individual wells, distinguishing wells containing amplicon from the target and amplicon from a variant of the target generated by polymerase error by using two differently labeled-hybridization probes, one hybridizing to the target and one hybridizing to a specific variant of the target; and analyzing target amplicons.

Abstract: A method for analyzing a target nucleic acid includes diluting nucleic acid targets and filling pico to femto-liter sized wells such that they contain a single target nucleic acid and one or more amplification reagents, amplifying the target in the individual wells, distinguishing wells containing amplicon from the target and amplicon from a variant of the target generated by polymerase error by using two differently labeled-hybridization probes, one hybridizing to the target and one hybridizing to a specific variant of the target; and analyzing target amplicons.

Abstract: A method for analyzing a target nucleic acid includes diluting nucleic acid targets and filling pico to femto-liter sized wells such that they contain a single target nucleic acid and one or more amplification reagents, amplifying the target in the individual wells, distinguishing wells containing amplicon from the target and amplicon from a variant of the target generated by polymerase error by using two differently labeled-hybridization probes, one hybridizing to the target and one hybridizing to a specific variant of the target; and analyzing target amplicons.

Abstract: A data encoding scheme maps a set of data to a number of spectral components, each component having an amplitude, a phase and a unique frequency. From these mapped tones, an analog baseband signal can be formed, which, when implemented in a data transmission scheme, can realize much higher throughput per available bandwidth than conventional techniques such as those employing binary baseband signals. The encoding scheme can also be implemented in data compression schemes and can realize lossless compression ratios exponentially superior to conventional compression schemes.

Abstract: A data encoding scheme maps a set of data to a number of spectral components, each component having an amplitude, a phase and a unique frequency. From these mapped tones, an analog baseband signal can be formed, which, when implemented in a data transmission scheme, can realize much higher throughput per available bandwidth than conventional techniques such as those employing binary baseband signals. The encoding scheme can also be implemented in data compression schemes and can realize lossless compression ratios exponentially superior to conventional compression schemes.

Abstract: A data encoding scheme maps a set of data to a number of spectral components, each component having an amplitude, a phase and a unique frequency. From these mapped tones, an analog baseband signal can be formed, which, when implemented in a data transmission scheme, can realize much higher throughput per available bandwidth than conventional techniques such as those employing binary baseband signals. The encoding scheme can also be implemented in data compression schemes and can realize lossless compression ratios exponentially superior to conventional compression schemes.

Abstract: A data encoding scheme maps a set of data to a number of spectral components, each component having an amplitude, a phase and a unique frequency. From these mapped tones, an analog baseband signal can be formed, which, when implemented in a data transmission scheme, can realize much higher throughput per available bandwidth than conventional techniques such as those employing binary baseband signals. The encoding scheme can also be implemented in data compression schemes and can realize lossless compression ratios exponentially superior to conventional compression schemes.

Abstract: A data encoding scheme maps a set of data to a number of spectral components, each component having an amplitude, a phase and a unique frequency. From these mapped tones, an analog baseband signal can be formed, which, when implemented in a data transmission scheme, can realize much higher throughput per available bandwidth than conventional techniques such as those employing binary baseband signals. The encoding scheme can also be implemented in data compression schemes and can realize lossless compression ratios exponentially superior to conventional compression schemes.

Abstract: Automated drug discovery protocols, or partially automated protocols, in which matrices-with-memories serve as the platform on which all manipulations are performed or serve as the repository of information that is transferred to other memories as the synthesized compounds are processed and screened. Also provided are automated drug discovery units for use in the protocols. The units provide for seamless data tracking and include instrumentation and vials with memories for information transfer to other memories in a unit. The units, which are provided herein, include some or all of the following: an automated or manual sorter, microreactors and microvessels, which contain memories, an automated or semi-automated synthesizer, a microreactor washer/dryer, a manual or automated cleaver with a valved U-tube outlet for removing compounds from the matrix-with-memory microreactors, and associated software.