Abstract: A burner and method for oxidizing solid fuels wherein the burner has a lance having one or more nozzle feeds and one or more nozzle outlets concentrically surrounded by a primary oxidant passage which is concentrically surrounded by a secondary oxidant passage wherein the primary and secondary oxidant passages communicate at their proximal ends with a gas supply, the lance having a distal and proximal end and the one or more nozzle feeds is in communication with a gas supply.

Abstract: A method for the efficient conversion of heavy oil to distillates using sequential hydrocracking in the presence of both supported and colloidal catalyst immediately followed by a high temperature-short residence time thermal treatment. The hydrocracker reaction products or a heavy oil and hydrogen donor diluent may be advantageously heated by direct contact with high velocity combustion products.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for production, shipment, and treatment of a NH4F(HF)x feedstock for local production of fluorine and NF3 for semiconductor chamber cleaning without the need for storage of large quantities of dangerous feeds and intermediate products.

Abstract: A process for the production of nitrogen trifluoride by reacting fluorine gas and liquid ammonia acid fluoride in a first reaction zone having a relatively low energy input followed by treatment of the resulting reaction product in a second reaction zone having a relatively high energy input. The resulting crude nitrogen trifluoride product may be further treated with fluorine gas under elevated temperatures to improve yield of the desired product.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for performing a metallurgical process in which a carbonaceous material is converted to a reducing gas and a metal is melted in a main reactor, particulate coal is partially oxidized in a secondary reactor to form a particulate char and a calorific gas under conditions which minimize the formation of carbon monoxide, and at least part of the char and some of the calorific gas are introduced into the main reactor.

Abstract: Oxygen is separated from air by pressure swing adsorption in plant 2. The oxygen is passed through an ozone generator 4. The resulting ozonated oxygen is passed upwardly through a contactor 6 countercurrently to the flow of a side stream of water to be treated with ozone. The side stream containing dissolved ozone flows from the contactor 6 to a mixer 8 in which it is mixed with a main stream of water. The effluent gas from the contactor 6 contains air displaced from the water and undissolved oxygen. It is divided into two parts. One part flows to the pressure swing adsorption plant 2 and is separated therein with the air. The other part is dried by temperature swing adsorption in drier 20 and the resulting dried gas is ozonated in the ozone generator 4 with the oxygen from the plant 2.

Abstract: An improved process for the production of oxides from hydrocarbons by reaction with oxygen, air or a gas enriched in oxygen relative to air, preferably the latter, in the presence of a suitable catalyst. An alkane, e.g. propane, is converted to an alkene in a catalytic dehydrogenator. The product stream is introduced into an oxidation reactor. Product formed therein is recovered in a conventional quench tower. The pressure of the gaseous effluent from the quench tower is raised and it is introduced into an absorber/stripper unit to form a recycle stream containing unreacted alkane and alkene as well as a minor amount of oxygen, typically 1-2 percent by volume, and a waste stream comprising the remainder of the quench tower gaseous phase. The recycle stream enters a selective oxidation unit wherein oxygen is removed, and the product recycled to the dehydrogenator.

Abstract: An improved process is provided for the production of oxides from alkanes by reaction with oxygen, air or a gas enriched in oxygen relative to an air in the presence of an oxidation catalyst. An alkane, e.g. propane, is converted to an alkene in a multistage dehydrogenator. The product stream is withdrawn from an intermediate reactor in the dehydrogenator, other than the first and the last reactor, and introduced into an oxidation reactor. The product formed in the oxidation reactor is recovered in a conventional quench tower. The gaseous effluent from the quench tower is treated in a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit to form a gaseous stream containing the unreacted alkane and alkene as well as a minor amount, i.e. less than about 2 percent by volume, of oxygen and nitrogen, if present in the feed to the oxidation reactor.

Abstract: An improved process is provided for the production of oxides from hydrocarbons by reaction with oxygen, air or a gas enriched in oxygen relative to air, preferably the latter in the presence of an oxidation catalyst. An alkane, e.g. propane, is converted to an alkene in a catalytic dehydrogenator. The product stream is introduced into an oxidation reactor. The product formed therein is recovered in a conventional quench tower. The gaseous effluent from the quench tower is treated in a separator to produce an adsorbed stream, an oxygen-enriched stream, a waste stream and, if desired, a hydrogen-enriched stream. The oxygen-enriched stream may be recycled to the oxidation reactor depending on the nitrogen content thereof. The adsorbed stream plus at least a portion of the hydrogen-enriched stream is introduced into a selective oxidation unit to remove the remaining oxygen and then recycled to the dehydrogenator. The remainder of the hydrogen-enriched stream, if any, may be taken as product or vented.

Abstract: An improved process is provided for the production of oxides from hydrocarbons by reaction with oxygen, air or a gas enriched in oxygen relative to air, preferably the latter, in the presence of an oxidation catalyst. An alkane, e.g. propane, is converted to an alkene in a dehydrogenator. The product stream is introduced into an oxidation reactor. The product formed therein is recovered in a quench tower. The gas phase from the quench tower is treated in a PSA unit to form a gaseous stream containing the unreacted alkane, alkene, a minor amount of oxygen, i.e. less than about 2 percent by volume, and nitrogen if present in the feed to the oxidation reactor. The gaseous stream, which may or may not contain hydrogen depending on the adsorbent on the PSA unit, is introduced into a selective oxidation unit to remove the remaining oxygen and then recycled to the dehydrogenator.

Abstract: An improved process is provided for the production of nitriles and oxides from hydrocarbons by reaction with oxygen, air or a gas enriched in oxygen relative to air, preferably the latter, and ammonia where a nitrile is desired, in the presence of a suitable catalyst. An alkane, e.g. propane, is converted to an alkene in a catalytic dehydrogenator. The product stream is introduced into an ammoxidation reactor. The product formed therein is recovered in a conventional quench tower. The pressure of the gaseous effluent from the quench tower is raised and it is introduced into an absorber/stripper unit to form a recycle stream containing unreacted alkane and alkene as well as a minor amount of oxygen, typically 1-2 percent by volume, and a waste stream comprising the remainder of the quench tower gaseous phase. The recycle stream is introduced into a selective oxidation unit to remove the oxygen therefrom and then recycled to the dehydrogenator.

Abstract: An improved process is provided for the production of nitriles from hydrocarbons by reaction with oxygen, air or a gas enriched in oxygen relative to air, preferably the latter, and ammonia in the presence of an ammoxidation catalyst. An alkane, e.g., propane, is converted to an alkene in a catalytic dehydrogenator. The product stream is introduced into an ammoxidation reactor. The product formed therein is recovered in a conventional quench tower. The gaseous effluent from the quench tower is treated in a PSA unit comprising at least two pairs of adsorptive beds. The first bed forms a gas stream containing the unreacted alkane and alkene as well as a minor amount, typically 1-2 percent by volume, of oxygen and a vent stream containing oxygen, nitrogen if present, and hydrogen. The vent stream is introduced into the second adsorptive bed to thereby form an oxygen-containing stream which also contains, nitrogen, if present, and a hydrogen-enriched stream.

Abstract: An improved process is provided for the production of nitriles from hydrocarbons by reaction with oxygen, air or a gas enriched in oxygen relative to air, preferably the latter, and ammonia in the presence of an ammoxidation catalyst. An alkane, e.g. propane, is converted to an alkene in a dehydrogenator. The product stream is introduced into an ammoxidation reactor. The product formed therein is recovered in a conventional quench tower. The gaseous effluent from the quench tower is treated in a PSA unit to form a gas stream containing the unreacted alkane and alkene as well as a minor amount, i.e. less than about 1 percent by volume, of oxygen and nitrogen, if present in the feed to the ammoxidation reactor. The gas stream, which may or may not contain hydrogen depending on the absorbent in the PSA unit, is introduced into a selective oxidation unit to remove the remaining oxygen and then recycled to the dehydrogenator.

Abstract: An improved process is provided for the production of nitriles from hydrocarbons by reaction with oxygen, air or gas-enriched in relative to an air, and ammonia, in the presence of an ammoxidation catalyst. An alkane, e.g. propane, is converted to an alkene in a multistage dehydrogenator. The product stream is withdrawn from a reactor in the dehydrogenator other than the first and the last reactor and introduced into an ammoxidation reactor. The product is recovered in a conventional quench tower. The gaseous effluent from the quench tower is treated in a pressure swing adsorption unit to form a gas stream containing the unreacted alkane and alkene as well as a minor amount of oxygen. The gas stream, which may or may not contain hydrogen depending on the absorbent in the pressure swing adsorption unit, is introduced into the reactor in the dehydrogenator following that from which the product stream was withdrawn.

Abstract: A process for extractive metallurgy of metal sulfides, in particular copper sulfide ores, in which a metal sulfide mineral feed material is cocurrently oxidized in an aqueous cupric chloride solution in the presence of an oxidant to form a slurry containing a metal hydroxide precipitate; the slurry is leached with an acid; the leach solution is extracted with an organic extractant; the organic extractant is stripped with an aqueous stripping medium; and the copper is electrowon from the aqueous stripping medium. The large amount of acid required for the oxidation reaction is provided by the formation of the metal hydroxide precipitate.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for visually monitoring the fluidized bed of a resin ion exchanger. The method includes establishing a sample fluidized bed displaced from, but in fluid communication with, the resin ion exchanger fluidized bed and supplying a quantity of exchanger process solution in a controlled manner to the sample fluidized bed such that the sample fluidized bed represents among other exchanger fluidized bed characteristics the exchanger fluidized bed height. The apparatus includes a monitor having a transparent sampling column in fluid communication with the exchanger fluidized bed and a regulator in fluid communication with the exchanger and the sample column for establishing a solution sample for supply to the sample fluidized bed. The regulator includes an orifice for controlling the flow rate of solution sample supplied to the sample fluidized bed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for visually monitoring the fluidized bed of a resin ion exchanger. The method includes establishing a sample fluidized bed displaced from, but in fluid communication with, the resin ion exchanger fluidized bed and supplying a quantity of exchanger process solution in a controlled manner to the sample fluidized bed such that the sample fluidized bed represents among other exchanger fluidized bed characteristics the exchanger fluidized bed height. The apparatus includes a monitor having a transparent sampling column in fluid communication with the exchanger fluidized bed and a regulator in fluid communication with the exchanger and the sample column for establishing a solution sample for supply to the sample fluidized bed. The regulator includes an orifice for controlling the flow rate of solution sample supplied to the sample fluidized bed.

Abstract: An improved process for obtaining copper from a copper sulfide, in which: the copper sulfide is treated with oxygen and an aqueous leaching solution of ammonium carbonate, to form a leach liquor which contains ammonia complexes of copper sulfate and copper carbonate; the leach liquor is heated to form gaseous ammonia and carbon dioxide; the leach liquor is treated with a strongly alkaline material to precipitate sulfates and form additional gaseous ammonia; and the copper is then recovered by electrowinning. In this process, the ammonium carbonate leaching solution is formed from carbon dioxide that is generated by: adding a metal carbonate to the leach liquor during the heating thereof; and recovering the gaseous carbon dioxide, as well as the gaseous ammonia, formed during the heating of the leach liquor.

Abstract: A hydrogen donor diluent cracking process for converting hydrogen deficient residual petroleum oils to more valuable distillates. A premium coker gas-oil is utilized as the hydrogen donor diluent.

Abstract: Liquid hydrocarbon feedstocks are hydrotreated in a reactor containing a first catalyst bed and a second catalyst bed by passing the hydrocarbon liquid down through both catalyst beds serially and introducing hydrogen between the two catalyst beds, the hydrogen flowing upwardly through the first catalyst bed and downwardly through the second catalyst bed. The process is useful for desulfurization and aromatic saturation of petroleum and coal-derived liquids.