Abstract: A method of making a component of a membrane electrode assembly comprising the steps of forming an electrode on an air-permeable backer comprising ePTFE, depositing a mixture comprising ionomer and a water-insoluble alcohol onto said electrode, drying said mixture to form a protective ionomer layer, and depositing an ePTFE-reinforced ionomer layer onto said protective ionomer layer.

Abstract: A method of making a component of a membrane electrode assembly comprising the steps of forming an electrode on an air-permeable backer comprising ePTFE, depositing a mixture comprising ionomer and a water-insoluble alcohol onto said electrode, drying said mixture to form a protective ionomer layer, and depositing an ePTFE-reinforced ionomer layer onto said protective ionomer layer.

Abstract: An aqueous delivery system is described including at least one surfactant and at least one water insoluble wetting agent. Further described are low surface energy substrates, such as microporous polytetrafluoroethylene, coated with such an aqueous solution so as to impart, a change in at least one surface characteristic compared to the surface characteristics of the uncoated low surface energy substrate.

Abstract: A composition is described wherein a coating is provided on a microporous substrate, such as a low surface energy microporous substrate, which coating provides multiple functionalities to the underlying microporous material, while still maintaining porosity within at least a portion of the microporous substrate.

Abstract: A composition is described wherein a coating is provided on a microporous substrate, such as a low surface energy microporous substrate, which coating provides multiple functionalities to the underlying microporous material, while still maintaining porosity within at least a portion of the microporous substrate.

Abstract: A method and composition for simultaneously controlling the deposition of scale and the formation of corrosion in a cooling water system comprising adding to the system a combination of (a) a water soluble copolymer having the structure: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is H or lower (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4) alkyl, F is H.sub.2 or O, M is a water soluble cation, R.sub.2 is (CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --O).sub.n, ##STR2## or mixture of both, n is an integer of from 1 to about 40, R.sub.3 is H, lower (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4) alkyl or an acetate, and (b) a water soluble polymer characterized by the structural formula: ##STR3## wherein R.sub.1 is H or lower alkyl (C.sub.1 -C.sub.3); R.sub.2 is OH, OM, or NH.sub.2 ; M is a water soluble cation; R.sub.

Abstract: A method and composition for simultaneously controlling the deposition of scale and the formation of corrosion in a cooling water system comprising adding to the system a combination of (a) a water soluble copolymer having the structure: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is H or lower (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4) alkyl, F is H.sub.2 or O, M is a water soluble cation, R.sub.2 is (CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --O).sub.n, ##STR2## or mixture of both, n is an integer of from 1 to about 40, R.sub.3 is H, lower (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4) alkyl or an acetate, and (b) a water soluble polymer characterized by the structural formula: ##STR3## wherein R.sub.1 is H or lower alkyl (C.sub.1 -C.sub.3); R.sub.2 is OH, OM, or NH.sub.2 ; M is a water soluble cation; R.sub.

Abstract: A composition for of controlling scale formation and deposition and corrosion in aqueous systems is described wherein a treatment solution of a substoichiometric amount of a composition comprising a scale/corrosion inhibitor in combination with a substituted alkylpolycarboxylate is employed. The scale/corrosion inhibitor can be a phosphonate such as hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid, 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid, hydroxyphosphonoacetic acids, amino phosphonates; terpolymers, copolymers and homopolymers of acrylic acid, maleic acid, epoxysuccinic acids such as polyepoxysuccinic acid or mixtures thereof. The substituted alkylpolycarboxylates are compounds of the general structure: R--X.sub.m --Y.sub.n wherein R is a hydrocarbon functionality having 4 to 18 carbons; X, when present, is --NH--, --NY.sup.1 --, --N-->O, --N--OC--Y.sup.1, --O-- or --S--; n is greater than or equal to 1; m=O or 1; and Y and Y.sup.

Abstract: A method and compounds for inhibiting the formation of scale, e.g., barium scale, and controlling corrosion is disclosed. The method is particularly effective at inhibiting or preventing corrosion of ferrous-based metals in contact with the aqueous systems such as cooling water systems. The method comprises introducing into the aqueous system a compound of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl or substituted aryl; R' and R" are each independently hydrogen, C.sub.1-4 alkyl or C.sub.1-4 substituted alkyl; Z is O, S, NH or NR, where R is as described above; n is a positive integer greater than 1; f is a positive integer; and M is hydrogen, a water soluble cation (e.g., NH.sub.4.sup.+, alkali metal), or a C.sub.1-3 alkyl group.

Abstract: A method for simultaneously controlling the deposition of scale and the formation of corrosion in a cooling water system consisting of adding to the system a water soluble copolymer having the structure: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is H or lower (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4) alkyl, F is H.sub.2 or O, M is a water soluble cation, R.sub.2 is (CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --O).sub.n, ##STR2## or mixture of both, n is an integer of from 1 to about 40, R.sub.3 is H, lower (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4) alkyl or an acetate.

Abstract: A method and composition for controlling the formation and deposition of scale imparting compounds in an aqueous system is disclosed. A treatment comprising a sulfonated polymer and a polymaleic acid is effective in controlling the formation and deposition of such compounds.

Abstract: A method of controlling scale formation and deposition and corrosion in aqueous systems is described wherein a treatment solution of a substoichiometric amount of a scale/corrosion inhibitor in combination with a substituted alkylpolycarboxylate is employed. The scale/corrosion inhibitor can be a phosphonate such as hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid, 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid, hydroxyphosphonoacetic acids, amino phosphonates; terpolymers, copolymers and homopolymers of acrylic acid, maleic acid, epoxysuccinic acids such as polyepoxysuccinic acid or mixtures thereof. The substituted alkylpolycarboxylates are compounds of the general structure: R--X--Y.sub.n wherein R is a hydrocarbon functionality having 4 to 18 carbons; X, when present, is --NH--, --NY.sup.1 --, --N-->O, --N--OC--Y.sup.1, --O-- or --S--; n is greater than or equal to 1; and Y and Y.sup.

Abstract: A method and compounds for inhibiting the formation of scale is disclosed. The method is particularly effective at inhibiting the formation and deposition of calcium scales in circulating aqueous systems such as cooling water systems. The method comprises introducing into the aqueous system a compound of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl or substituted aryl; R' and R" are each independently hydrogen, C.sub.1-4 alkyl or C.sub.1-4 substituted alkyl; Z is 0, S, NH, or NR, where R is as described above; n is a positive integer greater than 1; f is a positive integer; and M is hydrogen, a water soluble cation (e.g., NH.sub.4.sup.+, alkali metal) or a C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl group.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for removing deposits from surfaces in contact with the water of a cooling water system are disclosed. A lignosulfonate compound, alone or in combination with other materials, is effective in removing such deposits.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for removing deposits from surfaces in contact with the water of a cooling water system are disclosed. The combination of a chelant, a phosphonate or phosphate compound, and a base is effective in removing clay deposits from such surfaces.

Abstract: A method and composition for controlling the formation and deposition of scale forming salts in a circulating aqueous system is described wherein a treatment solution of a substoichiometric amount of polyepoxysuccinic acid in combination with agaric acid is employed.

Abstract: A method and polymers for inhibiting the formation of scale is disclosed. The method is particularly effective at inhibiting the formation and deposition of calcium scales in circulating aqueous systems such as cooling water systems. The method comprises introducing into the aqueous system a polymer of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl or substituted aryl; R' and R" are each independently hydrogen, C.sub.1-4 alkyl or C.sub.1-4 substituted alkyl; Z is O, S, NH, or NR, where R is as described above; n is a positive integer greater than 1; f is a positive integer; and M is hydrogen, a water soluble cation (e.g., NH.sub.4.sup.+, alkali metal), or a C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl group.

Abstract: A method of controlling the formation and deposition of scale forming salts in a circulating aqueous system is described wherein a treatment solution of a substoichiometric amount of polyepoxysuccinic acid in combination with agaric acid is employed.

Abstract: A method inhibiting the deposition of silica and silicate compounds on the metallic surfaces of cooling water equipment comprising adding to the water a composition consisting of hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid and a polymer having the formula: ##STR1## wherein M is a water soluble cation. This composition may further comprise a molybdate compound.

Abstract: A method inhibiting the deposition of silica and silicate compounds on the metallic surfaces of cooling water equipment comprising adding to the water a composition consisting of hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid and a polymer having the formula: ##STR1## wherein M is a water soluble cation. This composition may further comprise a molybdate compound.