Abstract: A personal mobility device (PMD) has a footboard unit including a footboard, a front wheel disposed on the footboard, and a rear wheel disposed behind the front wheel on the footboard. The PMD also has a steering unit including a steering axle, a fixation unit that connects one end of the steering axle to the footboard unit, and a grip disposed on the other end of the steering axle. The PMD also has a side guard disposed on each side of the footboard unit and extending along an axial direction of the footboard.

Abstract: A method, implemented by a computer, for positioning based on heterogeneous networks comprises: estimating a position of a personal mobility device (PMD) based on a first wireless signal; determining whether the PMD is within an intermediate area between a first area and a second area, based on an estimated position of the PMD; determining whether the PMD moves to the second area, by using both the first wireless signal and a second wireless signal; and determining position of the PMD by using any one of the first wireless signal and the second wireless signal based on a movement of the PMD to the second area.

Abstract: An apparatus for acquiring a differential image includes: an image acquiring unit acquiring a first image including environment light from an image sensor of a camera and infrared polarized light from an illuminating unit and a second image including horizontal polarized light of the environment light; an image correcting unit correcting brightnesses of background areas of the first and second images; and a differential image generating unit generating a differential image between the first and second images of which the brightnesses of the background areas are corrected.

Abstract: A gaze detection apparatus and method are provided. The method includes storing, by a controller, a reference gaze, a first reference vector, and a second reference vector. An image is then captured by an imaging device that includes user eyes. In addition, the controller detects central points of a pupil and an eyeball from the captured image and generates a gaze vector for one eyeball and a normal vector of a plane at which three central points are formed, when the three central points are detected. A first rotation angle and a second rotation angle are calculated by comparing the gaze vector and the normal vector, respectively, with the first reference vector and the second reference vector and a mean value thereof is calculated. Further, a gaze is then detected by rotating the reference gaze as much as the mean value.

Abstract: A user authentication apparatus and method using movement of a pupil is capable of rapidly and accurately performing authentication with high security by storing the respective frequencies of objects mechanically moving on a screen and security keys corresponding thereto, comparing a frequency detected from movement of a pupil gazing at any object with a frequency of the object, and performing the authentication based on a corresponding security key when the detected frequency is included in a predetermined range.

Abstract: An apparatus for checking a gaze object includes an eye detector configured to detect eyes from a captured image of a user who stares at objects while the objects displayed on a display move at certain frequencies, a frequency converter configured to check a motion of the detected eyes and convert the motion of the eyes into an eye moving frequency, and a discriminating unit configured to compare the eye moving frequency and moving frequencies of the objects and discriminate an object at which the user stares depending upon whether or not the eye moving frequency is identical with the moving frequencies of the objects.

Abstract: A technique for controlling a heads up display for a vehicle capable of directly controlling contents using gaze information received from a camera for gaze tracking and coordinates of a recognizable specific object such as a hand. The technique for controlling a head up display for a vehicle includes: tracking a driver's gaze using a camera; when the gaze stares at the HUD, detecting a gaze vector based on the gaze tracking; detecting the gaze vector and then detecting a hand between the camera and the driver's gaze and tracking coordinates of a tip of the hand; matching a final coordinate of the driver's gaze staring at the HUD and a final coordinate of the tip of the hand; and controlling the HUD using the driver's hand.

Abstract: A display system includes a line-of-sight tracking camera to detect an eyeball of a driver, first and second stereo cameras, a controlling unit, and a storing unit. The first and second stereo camera photographs a range corresponding to a field-of-view based on stereo camera-based line-of-sight information that is changed based on line-of-sight tracking camera-based line-of-sight information, and provide a photographed image. The controlling unit converts the line-of-sight tracking camera-based line-of-sight information into first and second stereo camera-based line-of-sight information based on pre-stored position and rotation information of the tracking camera and the first and second stereo cameras, and project the converted information onto the first and second stereo cameras, such that a three-dimensional line-of-sight coordinate is calculated.

Abstract: A method for generating a three dimensional image using a monoscopic camera, includes controlling light intensity of illumination stepwise at a plurality of light intensity steps. Subject is photographed to generate images for each of the plurality of light intensity steps using the monoscopic camera. Each of the images for each light intensity step is converted into binary images. A difference image between the converted binary images is obtained. The difference images are reconstructed to generate the three dimensional image.

Abstract: A pupil detecting apparatus includes a first detector configured to binarize an image including an eye region according to brightness values and detect a pupil region from the image including an eye region, a second detector configured to detect edges from the image including an eye region and detect a pupil boundary region by using the detected edges, and a pupil detector configured to determine a final pupil region by using the detected pupil region and the detected pupil boundary region.

Abstract: A gaze detection apparatus and method are provided. The method includes storing, by a controller, a reference gaze, a first reference vector, and a second reference vector. An image is then captured by an imaging device that includes user eyes. In addition, the controller detects central points of a pupil and an eyeball from the captured image and generates a gaze vector for one eyeball and a normal vector of a plane at which three central points are formed, when the three central points are detected. A first rotation angle and a second rotation angle are calculated by comparing the gaze vector and the normal vector, respectively, with the first reference vector and the second reference vector and a mean value thereof is calculated. Further, a gaze is then detected by rotating the reference gaze as much as the mean value.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method that controls gaze tracking. The apparatus includes an imaging device that has an image sensor divided into a plurality of zones and a gaze tracking controller. The gaze tracking controller is configured to determine a lens PSF and an image sensor PSF of the camera, respectively, using images for each zone acquired from image elements disposed in each zone of the image sensor. In addition, the gaze tracking controller is configured to estimate illumination reflection points using an imaging device PSF determined from the determined lens and image sensor PSFs at the time of detecting a user gaze using the imaging device.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for tracking driver attentiveness using a vector are provided. The apparatus includes an imaging device that detects a driver's attentiveness and a controller that is configured to set an initial attentiveness area of the driver based on a motion of the driver's attentiveness detected by the imaging device. In addition, the controller is configured to set a current attentiveness area of the driver by calculating a vector value based on a change of the driver's attentiveness and set an inflection point based on the current attentiveness area.

Abstract: A three-dimensional augmented reality display apparatus and method using eye tracking adjust a depth of an image without an increase in volume and are easily applied to an augmented reality head up display (HUD), by adjusting an angle of a total reflection prism based on positions of both eyes of a driver detected in real time using eye tracking to allow a right eye image to be formed in a driver's right eye and allow a left eye image to be formed in a driver's left eye.

Abstract: A system for providing information on an advertised product includes an advertised product information processing unit for comparing a dominant frequency of the advertised product with user's eyes movement frequency, and, if the frequencies coincide with each other, determining that the user is gazing at the advertised product, extracting information on the advertised product from a storage unit and outputting the extracted information through an output unit.

Abstract: An apparatus for checking a gaze object includes an eye detector configured to detect eyes from a captured image of a user who stares at objects while the objects displayed on a display move at certain frequencies, a frequency converter configured to check a motion of the detected eyes and convert the motion of the eyes into an eye moving frequency, and a discriminating unit configured to compare the eye moving frequency and moving frequencies of the objects and discriminate an object at which the user stares depending upon whether or not the eye moving frequency is identical with the moving frequencies of the objects.

Abstract: A display system includes a line-of-sight tracking camera to detect an eyeball of a driver, first and second stereo cameras, a controlling unit, and a storing unit. The first and second stereo camera photographs a range corresponding to a field-of-view based on stereo camera-based line-of-sight information that is changed based on line-of-sight tracking camera-based line-of-sight information, and provide a photographed image. The controlling unit converts the line-of-sight tracking camera-based line-of-sight information into first and second stereo camera-based line-of-sight information based on pre-stored position and rotation information of the tracking camera and the first and second stereo cameras, and project the converted information onto the first and second stereo cameras, such that a three-dimensional line-of-sight coordinate is calculated.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method that controls gaze tracking. The apparatus includes an imaging device that has an image sensor divided into a plurality of zones and a gaze tracking controller. The gaze tracking controller is configured to determine a lens PSF and an image sensor PSF of the camera, respectively, using images for each zone acquired from image elements disposed in each zone of the image sensor. In addition, the gaze tracking controller is configured to estimate illumination reflection points using an imaging device PSF determined from the determined lens and image sensor PSFs at the time of detecting a user gaze using the imaging device.

Abstract: An apparatus for acquiring a differential image includes: an image acquiring unit acquiring a first image including environment light from an image sensor of a camera and infrared polarized light from an illuminating unit and a second image including horizontal polarized light of the environment light; an image correcting unit correcting brightnesses of background areas of the first and second images; and a differential image generating unit generating a differential image between the first and second images of which the brightnesses of the background areas are corrected.

Abstract: A user authentication apparatus and method using movement of a pupil is capable of rapidly and accurately performing authentication with high security by storing the respective frequencies of objects mechanically moving on a screen and security keys corresponding thereto, comparing a frequency detected from movement of a pupil gazing at any object with a frequency of the object, and performing the authentication based on a corresponding security key when the detected frequency is included in a predetermined range.