Abstract: A method of cleaning a collector of an extreme ultraviolet light source system includes introducing the collector separated from the extreme ultraviolet light source system into a chamber; capturing an optical image of a reflective surface of the collector; measuring a contamination level of the reflective surface by comparing the optical image with a prestored standard image; performing a first cleaning operation if the contamination level exceeds a preset first reference value, the first cleaning operation including cleaning the reflective surface by spraying dry ice particles onto the reflective surface; and performing a second cleaning operation if the contamination level is less than or equal to the preset first reference value. The second cleaning operation includes cleaning the reflective surface by radiating atmospheric plasma onto the reflective surface and measuring a microcontamination level and a damage level of the reflective surface.

Abstract: A method of operating a storage device includes receiving a learning request for setting a new parameter, evaluating a performance of a workload using a current parameter, performing machine learning in response to the learning request to infer relational expressions between a parameter and corresponding evaluation metrics, using performance evaluation information according to a performance evaluation of the workload and a plurality of learning models, deriving a new parameter using the inferred relational expressions, and applying the new parameter to a firmware algorithm.

Abstract: A method of operating a storage controller that communicates with a non-volatile memory device includes performing a first direct memory access (DMA) read operation on data stored in the non-volatile memory device, based on a first read voltage; updating a page count value of a DMA register, based on the first DMA read operation; determining whether data read by the first DMA read operation include an uncorrectable error; when it is determined that the data read by the first DMA read operation include the uncorrectable error, determining a second read voltage different from the first read voltage, based on the updated page count value of the DMA register, without an additional read operation on the data stored in the non-volatile memory device; and performing a second DMA read operation on the data stored in the non-volatile memory device, based on the second read voltage.

Abstract: Provided is a fast stochastic decoding method for a low density parity check (LDPC) code. The decoding method may include decoding the LDPC code based on an LDPC decoding scheme, using a message expressed by a log-likelihood ratio (LLR) value.

Abstract: Provided is a fast stochastic decoding method for a low density parity check (LDPC) code. The decoding method may include decoding the LDPC code based on an LDPC decoding scheme, using a message expressed by a log-likelihood ratio (LLR) value.